{ "version": "2026-09-29", "method": "/methodology/", "attribution": "O*NET 31.0, USDOL/ETA, CC BY 4.0. Selected and adapted; not endorsed by USDOL/ETA. Economic data: BLS 2025–35 table 1.2. Labels and explanations: Career Risk Score editorial assessments.", "evidence": { "word": { "name": "Copilot in Word: editing and rewriting", "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/word/copilot/edit-rewrite-content", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Drafting and restructuring text; factual approval remains with the user." }, "excel": { "name": "Copilot in Excel", "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/copilot/get-started-with-copilot-in-excel", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Spreadsheet assistance. A plausible formula is not evidence that its assumptions fit the decision." }, "slides": { "name": "Copilot in PowerPoint", "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/powerpoint/copilot/create-a-new-presentation-with-copilot-in-powerpoint", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Presentation drafting; instructional and factual quality still need evaluation." }, "github": { "name": "GitHub Copilot limitations", "url": "https://docs.github.com/copilot/responsible-use/chat-in-github", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Coding assistance with context limits. Review and testing remain necessary." }, "firefly": { "name": "Adobe Firefly", "url": "https://www.adobe.com/products/firefly.html", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Generated visual assets; a usable image is only one part of a design assignment." }, "canva": { "name": "Canva Magic Design", "url": "https://www.canva.com/magic-design/", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Design drafts and variations; audience fit and approval remain separate." }, "qualtrics": { "name": "Qualtrics Insights Explorer", "url": "https://www.qualtrics.com/support/common-use-case/analyzing-results/insight-explorer/", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Open-text feedback analysis, subject to permissions and product access. Outputs require review." }, "legal": { "name": "Thomson Reuters CoCounsel Legal", "url": "https://legal.thomsonreuters.com/en/products/cocounsel-legal", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Legal research and document assistance, not independent legal authority." }, "intuit": { "name": "Intuit Assist", "url": "https://www.intuit.com/intuitassist/", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Financial workflow assistance; the user's records, controls and exceptions determine what can be delegated." }, "asana": { "name": "Asana AI Studio", "url": "https://asana.com/product/ai/ai-studio", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Configured project workflows. Collecting a status update does not establish that delivery is on track." }, "linkedin": { "name": "Search with AI in LinkedIn Recruiter", "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/help/recruiter/answer/a6509735", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Candidate discovery. Matching results do not establish suitability or a fair hiring decision." }, "security": { "name": "Microsoft Security Copilot", "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/copilot/security/", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Assistance with security information and workflows; incident authority and environment context remain essential." }, "dragon": { "name": "Dragon Copilot nurse documentation", "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/dragon-copilot/nurses/create-nurse-notes", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Draft notes from recorded interactions in configured nursing workflows; this does not replace care or clinical review." }, "fusion": { "name": "Autodesk Fusion design criteria", "url": "https://help.autodesk.com/cloudhelp/ENU/Fusion-GenerativeDesign/files/GD-DESIGN-CRITERIA.htm", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Design alternatives under supplied objectives and constraints; invalid assumptions can produce unsuitable outcomes." }, "deepl": { "name": "DeepL glossaries", "url": "https://www.deepl.com/en/features/glossary", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Terminology control in machine translation; context and specialized meaning still need evaluation." }, "zendesk": { "name": "Zendesk AI", "url": "https://www.zendesk.com/service/ai/", "kind": "Vendor documentation", "scope": "Support automation and agent assistance; escalation and policy boundaries require configuration." }, "ilo": { "name": "ILO: Generative AI and jobs, refined exposure index", "url": "https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-refined-global-index-occupational-exposure", "kind": "Independent research context", "scope": "Task exposure research using a different classification and method. Its results do not validate this site's index." } }, "careers": [ { "slug": "technical-writers", "name": "Technical writers", "code": "27-3042", "category": "Writing and communications", "aliases": [ "technical writer", "documentation", "API writer" ], "pay": 90390, "employment": 46400, "growth": 0.8, "openings": 3200, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "Less than 5 years", "training": "Short-term on-the-job training", "selfEmployment": 1, "summary": "AI can shorten drafting and editing, but reliable documentation still starts with product investigation. Writers who only rephrase supplied material face a different task mix from writers who test systems and resolve conflicting specifications.", "scope": "API documentation, industrial manuals and internal procedures demand different kinds of verification. This occupation model groups them together; it does not distinguish a junior copy assignment from ownership of a complex documentation system.", "example": "A release changes an API's authentication behavior. An assistant proposes revisions from the release notes and identifies pages that mention the old flow. The useful output is a candidate change set, not a verified account of how the API behaves.", "check": "Run the documented examples in the supported environment, confirm permissions and error responses, and ask the responsible engineer about undocumented behavior. Retain the test result and reviewer decision with the revision.", "actions": [ "Build a small documentation test suite that catches obsolete examples.", "Own an information architecture decision and explain its effect on findability.", "Keep a portfolio case showing how investigation corrected an initially plausible instruction." ], "signals": [ "Track how much review time AI drafts require before publication.", "Watch whether assignments increasingly ask for product testing, developer tooling or content-system ownership." ], "entry": "A writing portfolio is stronger when it demonstrates a technical subject and a verification process. Moving into API work may require learning version control and reading code; technical writing experience alone does not establish those skills.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "training-and-development-specialists", "bridge": "Turn one procedure into a taught lesson and assess understanding, rather than assuming clear prose is sufficient for facilitation.", "sharedSkills": [ "Writing", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Monitoring", "Coordination", "Social Perceptiveness" ] }, { "slug": "project-management-specialists", "bridge": "Coordinate a small documentation release with dependencies, owners and issue tracking before seeking wider delivery responsibility.", "sharedSkills": [ "Writing", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Time Management", "Monitoring", "Coordination", "Social Perceptiveness" ] }, { "slug": "public-relations-specialists", "bridge": "Practice an externally approved message with a fact-check record; media judgment differs from product documentation.", "sharedSkills": [ "Writing", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Time Management", "Coordination", "Persuasion", "Social Perceptiveness" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "3966", "text": "Organize material and complete writing assignment according to set standards regarding order, clarity, conciseness, style, and terminology.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.78, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "A supplied style guide and approved facts make a draft easier to produce. The writer still decides whether the sequence enables the reader to complete the task." }, { "id": "3967", "text": "Maintain records and files of work and revisions.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.71, "class": "A", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Version storage and indexing can follow configured repository rules. This is established software automation; choosing the authoritative version and access policy still needs an owner." }, { "id": "3968", "text": "Edit, standardize, or make changes to material prepared by other writers or establishment personnel.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.69, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Consistency suggestions can reduce editing effort. A technically incorrect sentence can remain fluent, so subject-matter verification remains part of this duty." }, { "id": "3977", "text": "Analyze developments in specific field to determine need for revisions in previously published materials and development of new material.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.44, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Summaries can surface changes in supplied release material. Deciding which changes invalidate instructions requires product knowledge and checking the actual version." }, { "id": "3970", "text": "Review published materials and recommend revisions or changes in scope, format, content, and methods of reproduction and binding.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.25, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "A review aid can flag inconsistent or repetitive material. The writer must establish what the audience needs and whether a proposed omission removes an essential warning." }, { "id": "3971", "text": "Select photographs, drawings, sketches, diagrams, and charts to illustrate material.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.11, "class": "S", "reference": "canva", "rationale": "Visual drafts can help illustrate a process. Selecting an accurate diagram requires checking its labels, sequence and correspondence with the product being documented." }, { "id": "3969", "text": "Confer with customer representatives, vendors, plant executives, or publisher to establish technical specifications and to determine subject material to be developed for publication.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.07, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "The defining work is resolving requirements with people who hold different knowledge. Meeting summaries may help, but they do not settle conflicting technical claims." }, { "id": "3976", "text": "Assist in laying out material for publication.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 3.84, "class": "S", "reference": "canva", "rationale": "Layout drafts can arrange supplied text and images. Accessibility, technical figure placement and the final publication format still require an intentional review." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 4.88, "updated": "07/2012" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "07/2012" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "07/2012" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "07/2012" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "07/2012" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "07/2012" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "07/2012" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "07/2012" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3, "updated": "07/2012" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3, "updated": "07/2012" }, { "id": "2.B.1.c", "name": "Persuasion", "importance": 2.88, "updated": "07/2012" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 2.75, "updated": "07/2012" } ], "coreTotal": 8, "score": 50, "sensitivity": [ 44, 56 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-3042.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "graphic-designers", "name": "Graphic designers", "code": "27-1024", "category": "Creative work", "aliases": [ "graphic designer", "visual designer" ], "pay": 62960, "employment": 253100, "growth": -1.7, "openings": 16000, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 20.5, "summary": "Image generation and layout assistance put pressure on routine production tasks. The value of a designer's work also depends on understanding the brief, choosing a coherent visual direction and delivering usable assets under real constraints.", "scope": "A production role resizing approved artwork is not the same as a designer conducting discovery and developing a visual identity. The task sample combines concept development, client communication and preparing finished designs.", "example": "A nonprofit needs a campaign across print, email and social media. A generation tool supplies visual directions, while a design system supplies type and spacing rules. Producing many alternatives is easy to confuse with solving the communication problem.", "check": "Check the message hierarchy at actual display sizes, inspect image defects, confirm permitted asset use and verify the print supplier's specifications. Record why the selected design serves the intended audience.", "actions": [ "Show the rejected alternatives and decision criteria in a portfolio case.", "Practice accessible typography, export specifications and consistent production across formats.", "Learn to interview a client about audience, constraints and success before starting visuals." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether briefs purchase output volume or require concept ownership.", "Measure the revisions needed to bring generated assets into a consistent visual system." ], "entry": "A portfolio should show finished work and the reasoning behind it. An art direction role adds responsibility for other people's work and client decisions; it is not simply a higher-paid version of individual design production.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "art-directors", "bridge": "Lead a small campaign with another contributor and document how you reviewed their work against the brief.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Reading Comprehension", "Coordination", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Time Management" ] }, { "slug": "web-and-digital-interface-designers", "bridge": "Prototype a usable interface and test navigation and accessibility, adding interaction skills to visual craft.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Reading Comprehension", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Time Management", "Monitoring" ] }, { "slug": "public-relations-specialists", "bridge": "Develop a campaign message and approval plan to explore the communications work behind the visual output.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Reading Comprehension", "Social Perceptiveness", "Coordination", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Time Management" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "307", "text": "Key information into computer equipment to create layouts for client or supervisor.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.7, "class": "S", "reference": "canva", "rationale": "A template can place approved content into a layout. A client brief often contains unresolved priorities, and the designer must check hierarchy rather than simply accept the generated arrangement." }, { "id": "304", "text": "Review final layouts and suggest improvements, as needed.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.65, "class": "S", "reference": "canva", "rationale": "Tools can propose visual alternatives. Whether a layout communicates the intended message requires audience context and an accountable final choice." }, { "id": "300", "text": "Determine size and arrangement of illustrative material and copy, and select style and size of type.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.6, "class": "S", "reference": "canva", "rationale": "Initial arrangements and type treatments are assistable. Readability, hierarchy and behavior across output sizes still need design judgment." }, { "id": "306", "text": "Develop graphics and layouts for product illustrations, company logos, and Web sites.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.56, "class": "S", "reference": "firefly", "rationale": "Generated assets can contribute to illustrations or layouts. A coherent identity or working website adds constraints that a standalone image does not satisfy." }, { "id": "299", "text": "Create designs, concepts, and sample layouts, based on knowledge of layout principles and esthetic design concepts.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.5, "class": "S", "reference": "firefly", "rationale": "Concept variations can accelerate exploration. The brief, rationale for selecting a concept and consistency across a design system remain the designer's work." }, { "id": "301", "text": "Use computer software to generate new images.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.47, "class": "A", "reference": "firefly", "rationale": "For a bounded request for draft imagery, generation is the primary digital output. This category does not include client approval, rights review or production acceptance." }, { "id": "23970", "text": "Prepare digital files for printing.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.45, "class": "S", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Export settings and preflight checks can be automated in production software. The full duty still involves checking specifications, linked assets, typography and printer requirements." }, { "id": "305", "text": "Confer with clients to discuss and determine layout design.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.28, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "A client conversation establishes the actual design problem and resolves competing preferences. A generated brief can record decisions but cannot make the agreement for both parties." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2023" } ], "coreTotal": 17, "score": 50, "sensitivity": [ 44, 56 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-1024.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "paralegals", "name": "Paralegals and legal assistants", "code": "23-2011", "category": "Legal and compliance", "aliases": [ "paralegal", "legal assistant" ], "pay": 62890, "employment": 404900, "growth": -0.3, "openings": 40800, "education": "Associate's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 2.1, "summary": "Search, document summaries and first drafts can be assisted, while reliable case support still requires source checking, organization and careful handling of facts. A plausible legal-looking document is not evidence that a matter has been researched correctly.", "scope": "Litigation support, corporate transactions and other practice areas organize work differently. The sample has six core tasks and does not describe every specialty or the particular responsibilities assigned by a supervising lawyer.", "example": "A team needs a chronology from a collection of matter documents. An approved assistant proposes dates, people and events. The first useful comparison is between that chronology and the underlying pages, including inconsistent accounts and missing attachments.", "check": "Attach a source reference to every material event, verify names and dates, separate allegations from established facts and escalate unresolved contradictions to the supervising lawyer. Use only tools approved for the matter's information.", "actions": [ "Build a redacted sample chronology with traceable source references.", "Learn a document review workflow including search, deduplication and quality checks.", "Record how you identified a missing fact or conflicting document and routed it for review." ], "signals": [ "Monitor whether routine document preparation is bundled into the firm's software.", "Watch demand for matter coordination, evidence quality and specialist practice knowledge." ], "entry": "Case knowledge can transfer to compliance or operations, but authority and credentials differ between occupations. A move into legal practice requires a separate professional route; the shared document work does not remove that barrier.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "compliance-officers", "bridge": "Map evidence to a specific organizational rule and practice explaining an exception without giving unsupported legal conclusions.", "sharedSkills": [ "Writing", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Time Management" ] }, { "slug": "project-management-specialists", "bridge": "Translate a matter schedule into dependencies, responsibilities and escalation rules for a small nonlegal project.", "sharedSkills": [ "Writing", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Time Management" ] }, { "slug": "management-analysts", "bridge": "Study a document intake process, measure its bottlenecks and propose a change with an implementation plan.", "sharedSkills": [ "Writing", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "18491", "text": "Prepare affidavits or other documents, such as legal correspondence, and organize and maintain documents in paper or electronic filing system.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.38, "class": "S", "reference": "legal", "rationale": "Drafting and organizing supplied documents can be assisted. Facts, required wording, completeness and attorney instructions still need checking before the material is used." }, { "id": "23994", "text": "Prepare, edit, or review legal documents, including legislation, briefs, pleadings, appeals, wills, contracts, and real estate closing statements.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.32, "class": "S", "reference": "legal", "rationale": "A first document or comparison can be generated from relevant inputs. Applicable authority and case-specific consequences make verification central to the full task." }, { "id": "21062", "text": "Investigate facts and law of cases and search pertinent sources, such as public records and internet sources, to determine causes of action and to prepare cases.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.06, "class": "S", "reference": "legal", "rationale": "Search and summarization can help locate leads. Sources may be incomplete, and investigation requires establishing what happened and which authority is actually relevant." }, { "id": "18492", "text": "Prepare for trial by performing tasks such as organizing exhibits.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 3.97, "class": "S", "reference": "legal", "rationale": "Software can help index and organize exhibits. Trial preparation also requires correct provenance, completeness and coordination with the attorney; the whole duty is not routine automation." }, { "id": "18493", "text": "Meet with clients and other professionals to discuss details of cases.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 3.93, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "The work involves eliciting facts and handling a sensitive interaction. Notes can be assisted, while consent, clarification and the professional relationship remain human-led." }, { "id": "1636", "text": "Gather and analyze research data, such as statutes, decisions, and legal articles, codes, and documents.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 3.89, "class": "S", "reference": "legal", "rationale": "Retrieval can reduce time finding candidate authorities. A person must check the source itself, its jurisdiction and whether the summary accurately represents it." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.1.f", "name": "Service Orientation", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2024" } ], "coreTotal": 6, "score": 42, "sensitivity": [ 33, 50 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/23-2011.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "market-research-analysts", "name": "Market research analysts and marketing specialists", "code": "13-1161", "category": "Research and marketing", "aliases": [ "market researcher", "marketing analyst" ], "pay": 78760, "employment": 952700, "growth": 7, "openings": 82000, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 3.8, "summary": "AI assistance can speed information gathering, coding and report production. The difficult parts remain framing a useful question, obtaining a credible sample and deciding what the evidence actually supports.", "scope": "Survey research, competitive intelligence and marketing analytics have different data and validation needs. A summary of public commentary cannot substitute for a representative customer sample or a well-designed test.", "example": "A company wants to understand why renewals fell. A tool groups comments into themes and drafts a summary. The analyst compares those themes with who responded, which accounts left and whether the questions encouraged particular answers.", "check": "Inspect the source comments behind each theme, assess nonresponse and segment differences, and separate correlation from explanations requiring further research. Report what the available sample cannot establish.", "actions": [ "Publish a portfolio study with its questionnaire, sampling limits and reproducible analysis.", "Practice checking AI-coded comments against an independently reviewed subset.", "Present a recommendation alongside the alternative explanation that would change it." ], "signals": [ "Measure whether automated summaries reduce preparation time without hiding contradictory evidence.", "Watch whether employers expect experiment design, data quality and business interpretation alongside reporting." ], "entry": "Data science adds programming and statistical modeling requirements beyond report preparation. Management analysis adds implementation and stakeholder work. Choose the bridge that matches work you can demonstrate, rather than the destination's median pay.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "data-scientists", "bridge": "Reproduce an analysis in code, document leakage checks and evaluate it on genuinely held-out data.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Speaking", "Active Learning", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Mathematics", "Monitoring" ] }, { "slug": "management-analysts", "bridge": "Turn one research finding into an operational recommendation with costs, owners and a way to assess results.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Speaking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness" ] }, { "slug": "public-relations-specialists", "bridge": "Use audience research to develop a message plan and a defensible evaluation approach.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Speaking", "Active Learning", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Social Perceptiveness", "Persuasion" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "5434", "text": "Prepare reports of findings, illustrating data graphically and translating complex findings into written text.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.06, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Charts and draft narratives are assistable once data is available. The researcher must verify denominators, uncertainty and whether the narrative says more than the study can support." }, { "id": "5437", "text": "Seek and provide information to help companies determine their position in the marketplace.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.06, "class": "S", "reference": "qualtrics", "rationale": "Existing feedback can help describe customer perceptions. Positioning advice requires a relevant comparison set and a clear distinction between evidence and commercial assumptions." }, { "id": "5439", "text": "Conduct research on consumer opinions and marketing strategies, collaborating with marketing professionals, statisticians, pollsters, and other professionals.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 3.94, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Study execution includes coordinating people and making choices about whose views are represented. Text analysis helps with a subset, but does not establish a valid research design." }, { "id": "5433", "text": "Collect and analyze data on customer demographics, preferences, needs, and buying habits to identify potential markets and factors affecting product demand.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 3.88, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Cleaning and exploring supplied data can be assisted. Collection quality, representativeness and the leap from correlation to market demand prevent classifying the entire duty as automated." }, { "id": "5443", "text": "Devise and evaluate methods and procedures for collecting data, such as surveys, opinion polls, or questionnaires, or arrange to obtain existing data.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 3.85, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Sampling and measurement choices determine whether the evidence answers the business question. Draft survey wording can help, but accountable design and validation remain central." }, { "id": "5441", "text": "Gather data on competitors and analyze their prices, sales, and method of marketing and distribution.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 3.65, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Software can organize available competitor observations. Missing private data, inconsistent units and the meaning of a competitor's behavior still require assessment." }, { "id": "5435", "text": "Measure and assess customer and employee satisfaction.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 3.62, "class": "S", "reference": "qualtrics", "rationale": "Open-text themes can assist satisfaction analysis. Survey coverage, response bias and the relationship between comments and the wider population require independent checks." }, { "id": "5442", "text": "Monitor industry statistics and follow trends in trade literature.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 3.53, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Summaries can organize supplied industry reports. Monitoring still requires checking publication dates, source definitions and whether an apparent trend is comparable over time." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.e", "name": "Mathematics", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.1.c", "name": "Persuasion", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2026" } ], "coreTotal": 11, "score": 38, "sensitivity": [ 31, 44 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1161.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "accountants-and-auditors", "name": "Accountants and auditors", "code": "13-2011", "category": "Finance and operations", "aliases": [ "accountant", "auditor", "CPA" ], "pay": 83680, "employment": 1595200, "growth": 5, "openings": 115300, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 5.5, "summary": "Structured processing and draft explanations are exposed to software assistance. Accounting and audit work also depends on the reliability of records, interpretation of transactions and responsibility for the conclusions drawn from them.", "scope": "Bookkeeping support, financial reporting, tax work and external audit are not interchangeable. The selected eight tasks cover only part of this broad occupation, so the index should not be read as the exposure of every accounting specialty.", "example": "During a monthly close, software proposes account matches and flags unusual movements. An assistant drafts a variance explanation using supplied schedules. The accountant checks whether the explanation describes actual business events rather than merely restating the numbers.", "check": "Reconcile source totals, inspect exceptions, test the relevant supporting documents and record unresolved issues. Review generated explanations for unsupported causes and preserve the evidence behind material judgments.", "actions": [ "Demonstrate an exception investigation from source record through resolution.", "Develop stronger control documentation and data extraction skills.", "Practice explaining a financial movement to an operational manager in terms they can verify." ], "signals": [ "Track the proportion of close time spent on exceptions versus routine matching.", "Watch whether roles add control ownership, business partnering or systems responsibilities." ], "entry": "Financial management generally adds substantial experience and decision responsibility. A national manager median is not a credible assumed starting salary for an immediate move from an accounting position.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "financial-managers", "bridge": "Own a budget or forecast process and demonstrate how you communicated uncertainty before seeking management accountability.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Speaking", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness" ] }, { "slug": "management-analysts", "bridge": "Map a finance workflow, identify a measurable problem and evaluate the cost of changing it.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Speaking", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness" ] }, { "slug": "compliance-officers", "bridge": "Practice documenting a control assessment against the actual applicable requirements and a clear evidence trail.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Speaking", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness", "Persuasion" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "21514", "text": "Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.6, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Analysis aids can flag unusual figures and produce summaries. Accuracy and conformity with reporting requirements involve evaluating evidence, not merely producing a plausible statement." }, { "id": "21533", "text": "Process invoices for payment.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.54, "class": "A", "reference": "intuit", "rationale": "A configured workflow can process routine invoices against approved rules. Exceptions, supplier changes and payment authority must remain outside unattended processing unless separately controlled." }, { "id": "21516", "text": "Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.47, "class": "S", "reference": "intuit", "rationale": "Matching suggestions can reduce manual reconciliation. Unexplained differences, timing and unsupported transactions require investigation before balances are accepted." }, { "id": "21515", "text": "Prepare adjusting journal entries.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.29, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Software can draft a proposed entry from supplied assumptions. Recognition, amount, supporting evidence and approval remain consequential accounting judgments." }, { "id": "21526", "text": "Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.29, "class": "S", "reference": "intuit", "rationale": "Calculation and preparation steps can be assisted. The taxpayer's facts and applicable requirements must be established and checked; this label does not assert automated tax compliance." }, { "id": "21508", "text": "Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.18, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "The task evaluates whether a system's procedures and controls are appropriate. Automated checks can supply evidence, but control design and an accountable conclusion remain central." }, { "id": "21505", "text": "Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.07, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Report structure and wording can be assisted from verified findings. The auditor must preserve the evidence, scope limitations and implications without unsupported conclusions." }, { "id": "21532", "text": "Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.07, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Financial analysis can use generated formulas and summaries. The quality of records and the suitability of accounting assumptions require professional review." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.e", "name": "Mathematics", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.1.c", "name": "Persuasion", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2026" } ], "coreTotal": 30, "score": 50, "sensitivity": [ 44, 56 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-2011.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "training-and-development-specialists", "name": "Training and development specialists", "code": "13-1151", "category": "People and learning", "aliases": [ "trainer", "learning and development", "L&D", "instructional designer" ], "pay": 69280, "employment": 472500, "growth": 10.8, "openings": 46000, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "Less than 5 years", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 0.6, "summary": "Drafting lessons, slides and exercises is increasingly assistable. Diagnosing a performance problem, helping people practice and evaluating whether learning changes the work still call for direct attention and judgment.", "scope": "Compliance training, product education and leadership development differ in both content and delivery. Producing attractive material does not establish that instruction addresses the cause of a performance gap.", "example": "A support team repeatedly misroutes difficult cases. An assistant drafts a short lesson and branching exercises from approved procedures. The specialist first checks whether the problem is knowledge, an unclear rule or a routing system that makes the correct action difficult.", "check": "Observe the workflow, ask staff to explain their decisions and test the exercises with a small group. Evaluate realistic task performance after instruction rather than relying only on participant satisfaction.", "actions": [ "Create a short lesson with an observable performance objective and assessment.", "Practice facilitation that adapts to misunderstandings during the session.", "Document when a process change would solve the problem better than additional training." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether content production becomes a smaller share of project budgets.", "Track demand for facilitation, learning evaluation and subject knowledge in a particular industry." ], "entry": "Teaching a workplace audience and teaching children involve different settings and requirements. Instructional writing is a closer content bridge, while HR work introduces policies and sensitive employee matters.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "technical-writers", "bridge": "Convert a lesson into a tested self-service procedure and evaluate whether a reader can complete the task unaided.", "sharedSkills": [ "Speaking", "Active Listening", "Social Perceptiveness", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Monitoring", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Coordination" ] }, { "slug": "human-resources-specialists", "bridge": "Gain experience with the policy and confidentiality requirements behind onboarding or employee development.", "sharedSkills": [ "Speaking", "Instructing", "Learning Strategies", "Active Listening", "Social Perceptiveness", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "94", "text": "Present information with a variety of instructional techniques or formats, such as role playing, simulations, team exercises, group discussions, videos, or lectures.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.65, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Live facilitation requires observing participation and adapting to people. Prepared slides or simulated practice can support delivery without replacing the group interaction." }, { "id": "20475", "text": "Obtain, organize, or develop training procedure manuals, guides, or course materials, such as handouts or visual materials.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.62, "class": "S", "reference": "slides", "rationale": "Draft learning materials can be assembled quickly. Correct objectives, accessible examples and practice that tests the intended skill require instructional review." }, { "id": "19559", "text": "Evaluate modes of training delivery, such as in-person or virtual, to optimize training effectiveness, training costs, or environmental impacts.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.45, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Comparisons of cost and outcome data can assist delivery decisions. The trainer must determine whether the measures are comparable and whether learners can access the proposed format." }, { "id": "97", "text": "Offer specific training programs to help workers maintain or improve job skills.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.43, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Delivering a program involves coaching, feedback and responding to learners. Digital content can cover portions, but the full duty includes responsibility for effective learning." }, { "id": "103", "text": "Assess training needs through surveys, interviews with employees, focus groups, or consultation with managers, instructors, or customer representatives.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.43, "class": "S", "reference": "qualtrics", "rationale": "Survey themes can help locate possible learning gaps. Interviews and observation are still needed to distinguish a training problem from unclear processes or missing resources." }, { "id": "98", "text": "Monitor, evaluate, or record training activities or program effectiveness.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.4, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Records and summaries can be produced from learning data. Completion statistics do not by themselves establish improved performance or explain a failed intervention." }, { "id": "20474", "text": "Design, plan, organize, or direct orientation and training programs for employees or customers.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.33, "class": "S", "reference": "slides", "rationale": "Draft program structures can be assisted. Sequencing, practical relevance and the constraints of a particular workplace still require deliberate instructional design." }, { "id": "102", "text": "Develop alternative training methods if expected improvements are not seen.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.1, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Changing an unsuccessful intervention requires diagnosing why learners are struggling. Generating another activity is not the same as establishing that it addresses the cause." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4.38, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.e", "name": "Instructing", "importance": 4.38, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.c", "name": "Learning Strategies", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2022" } ], "coreTotal": 18, "score": 31, "sensitivity": [ 25, 38 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1151.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "project-management-specialists", "name": "Project management specialists", "code": "13-1082", "category": "Management and operations", "aliases": [ "project manager", "PM", "project coordinator" ], "pay": 102320, "employment": 1094300, "growth": 6.7, "openings": 76500, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 1.2, "summary": "Schedules, status reports and meeting summaries can be assisted. Delivery still depends on discovering constraints, negotiating priorities and getting decisions from people who control the work.", "scope": "A project coordinator's reporting duties can look different from a specialist managing complex dependencies and vendors. An automatically updated plan does not show that its assumptions remain credible.", "example": "A supplier delay threatens a launch. Software summarizes the affected milestones and drafts a revised plan. The project specialist checks the dependencies with the delivery teams and identifies which scope, timing or resource choices need an accountable decision.", "check": "Confirm actual completion evidence, resource availability and handoff criteria. Record the decision owner and the consequences of each option instead of presenting a generated date as a commitment.", "actions": [ "Build a dependency map for a real or clearly labeled practice project.", "Keep a decision log showing how competing priorities were resolved.", "Learn to distinguish a progress metric from evidence that a deliverable is usable." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether status reporting moves into existing work-management systems.", "Track demand for domain experience, vendor coordination and responsibility for outcomes." ], "entry": "Domain knowledge often matters alongside project methods. Moving into logistics or process consulting requires understanding the underlying operating system, not just transferring a scheduling template.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "management-analysts", "bridge": "Investigate why a process underperforms and propose a measured improvement before managing its implementation.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Writing", "Monitoring", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Reading Comprehension", "Speaking", "Coordination", "Social Perceptiveness", "Complex Problem Solving" ] }, { "slug": "logisticians", "bridge": "Work through an inventory or delivery constraint with explicit service, capacity and cost assumptions.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Writing", "Monitoring", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Reading Comprehension", "Speaking", "Active Learning", "Coordination", "Social Perceptiveness", "Complex Problem Solving" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "21463", "text": "Communicate with key stakeholders to determine project requirements and objectives.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.54, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "People must agree on scope, success criteria and competing priorities. A requirements summary can support the conversation but does not create stakeholder agreement." }, { "id": "21467", "text": "Identify project needs such as resources, staff, or finances by reviewing project objectives and schedules.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.5, "class": "S", "reference": "asana", "rationale": "Resource and schedule information can be collated for planning. The manager must check capacity, hidden dependencies and assumptions about what work actually requires." }, { "id": "21481", "text": "Submit project deliverables to clients, ensuring adherence to quality standards.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.36, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Submitting work includes accepting responsibility for quality and agreement with the client. File transfer is automatable; acceptance and resolution of disputed requirements are not that same task." }, { "id": "21464", "text": "Confer with project personnel to identify and resolve problems.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.33, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Resolving a project problem commonly involves conflicting interests or incomplete information. A proposed plan helps only after someone establishes feasible commitments." }, { "id": "21473", "text": "Plan, schedule, or coordinate project activities to meet deadlines.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.3, "class": "S", "reference": "asana", "rationale": "Schedules can be drafted from tasks and dependencies. Realistic durations, scarce resources and priority changes still require oversight." }, { "id": "21479", "text": "Request and review project updates to ensure deadlines are met.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.29, "class": "S", "reference": "asana", "rationale": "Updates can be requested and summarized automatically. Reviewing their credibility and determining whether deadlines are achievable are reasons to classify the whole duty as assisted." }, { "id": "21470", "text": "Monitor project milestones and deliverables.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.11, "class": "S", "reference": "asana", "rationale": "Dashboards can collect milestone signals. The manager must distinguish completed activity from an accepted deliverable and decide when an apparent delay needs intervention." }, { "id": "21462", "text": "Assign duties or responsibilities to project personnel.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.07, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Assigning responsibility involves authority, capability and workload negotiation. A proposed allocation is useful input but does not establish an agreed commitment." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" } ], "coreTotal": 20, "score": 25, "sensitivity": [ 19, 31 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1082.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "management-analysts", "name": "Management analysts", "code": "13-1111", "category": "Management and operations", "aliases": [ "management consultant", "business analyst" ], "pay": 101860, "employment": 1077100, "growth": 10.1, "openings": 94100, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "Less than 5 years", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 14, "summary": "Research summaries and presentation production can be accelerated by AI. Credible analysis still requires understanding how an organization works and testing whether a proposed change is feasible and useful.", "scope": "Consulting, internal improvement and organizational analysis vary by sector. A generic efficiency recommendation does not address the incentives, exceptions and constraints of a specific operating process.", "example": "An organization wants to reduce approval delays. A tool summarizes interviews and organizes process data. The analyst checks whether delays arise from capacity, unclear authority, incomplete submissions or a control that cannot simply be removed.", "check": "Validate the process map with the people doing the work, test the diagnosis against exception cases and quantify implementation effort. State whose workload or risk would increase if the recommendation is adopted.", "actions": [ "Create a process study that separates observed facts from interview opinions.", "Practice estimating implementation cost and defining a useful outcome measure.", "Show an example where new evidence changed your initial recommendation." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether clients expect implementation support in addition to a report.", "Measure whether faster analysis creates more time for observation and testing, or merely more presentation output." ], "entry": "Operations research requires more formal mathematical modeling. Project management emphasizes delivery ownership. Broad communication skill overlap is a starting point for exploration, not proof of readiness for either role.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "project-management-specialists", "bridge": "Take a scoped recommendation through delivery with owners, dependencies and acceptance criteria.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Writing", "Speaking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness", "Coordination" ] }, { "slug": "operations-research-analysts", "bridge": "Model a constrained decision, explain the objective and validate the solution against an operational example.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Writing", "Speaking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Systems Evaluation", "Systems Analysis" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "7276", "text": "Gather and organize information on problems or procedures.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.48, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Accessible records can be organized and summarized. Finding missing evidence and deciding whether the records describe the actual process require investigation." }, { "id": "7278", "text": "Confer with personnel concerned to ensure successful functioning of newly implemented systems or procedures.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.48, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Implementation requires cooperation from the people doing the work. A communication draft cannot resolve incentives, resistance or a mismatch between procedure and reality." }, { "id": "7277", "text": "Analyze data gathered and develop solutions or alternative methods of proceeding.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.45, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Data exploration and alternative calculations are assistable. Recommending a solution requires causal reasoning and checking how it behaves under operational constraints." }, { "id": "7282", "text": "Document findings of study and prepare recommendations for implementation of new systems, procedures, or organizational changes.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.24, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "A draft report can organize verified findings. Responsibility remains for evidence quality, implementation trade-offs and clearly separating assumptions from observed facts." }, { "id": "7281", "text": "Interview personnel and conduct on-site observation to ascertain unit functions, work performed, and methods, equipment, and personnel used.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.1, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Interviews and direct observation reveal work that may not appear in records. Tools can help organize notes; interpretation requires attention to context and conflicting accounts." }, { "id": "7285", "text": "Plan study of work problems and procedures, such as organizational change, communications, information flow, integrated production methods, inventory control, or cost analysis.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.1, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Choosing a study's scope and method determines what problems it can reveal. An analysis plan is incomplete without access, stakeholder agreement and an appropriate comparison." }, { "id": "7283", "text": "Prepare manuals and train workers in use of new forms, reports, procedures or equipment, according to organizational policy.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 3.84, "class": "S", "reference": "slides", "rationale": "Manuals and training drafts can be assisted. Checking procedures against actual work and helping employees apply them remains essential." }, { "id": "7280", "text": "Review forms and reports and confer with management and users about format, distribution, and purpose, identifying problems and improvements.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 3.74, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Document comparison can expose inconsistent formats or repeated fields. Conversations with users establish whether changing them solves a real problem or removes useful information." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.4.h", "name": "Systems Evaluation", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.4.g", "name": "Systems Analysis", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2022" } ], "coreTotal": 10, "score": 31, "sensitivity": [ 25, 38 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1111.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "public-relations-specialists", "name": "Public relations specialists", "code": "27-3031", "category": "Writing and communications", "aliases": [ "PR", "public relations", "communications specialist" ], "pay": 74750, "employment": 314500, "growth": 1.8, "openings": 23000, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 1.1, "summary": "Routine copy, media summaries and draft responses are assistable. Reputation work still relies on accurate information, stakeholder understanding and sound judgment about what an organization should say and when.", "scope": "Media relations, internal communications and public affairs differ in their audiences and approval processes. A message can be fluent yet inappropriate for the facts, the relationship or the stage of an unfolding event.", "example": "An organization must explain a service interruption. An assistant drafts messages for several channels from an approved fact sheet. The specialist checks which facts are confirmed, what remains unknown and when a further update can responsibly be promised.", "check": "Get factual approval from the responsible team, check consistency across channels and remove speculative reassurance. Preserve a record of the approved claims and the questions that require follow-up.", "actions": [ "Build a message plan with stakeholder questions, evidence and approval owners.", "Practice correcting a public statement clearly when facts change.", "Evaluate communication against a defined audience need rather than output volume alone." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether routine content production is folded into broader communications roles.", "Track the importance of issue handling, stakeholder relationships and direct access to subject experts." ], "entry": "Marketing research adds formal research design, while training adds learning assessment and facilitation. Both use audience understanding but judge success differently from communications work.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "market-research-analysts", "bridge": "Design a small audience study with explicit sampling limits instead of inferring opinion from a handful of comments.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Social Perceptiveness", "Critical Thinking", "Persuasion", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Active Learning", "Complex Problem Solving" ] }, { "slug": "training-and-development-specialists", "bridge": "Turn an internal communication topic into a lesson with practice and an observable assessment.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Social Perceptiveness", "Critical Thinking", "Coordination", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Active Learning" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "1764", "text": "Respond to requests for information from the media or designate an appropriate spokesperson or information source.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.55, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Responding to media involves authority, timing and reputational consequences. A draft can help, but a person must establish what is known and who is authorized to speak." }, { "id": "20555", "text": "Plan or direct development or communication of programs to maintain favorable public or stockholder perceptions of an organization's accomplishments, agenda, or environmental responsibility.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.41, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Program direction balances stakeholder concerns and organizational commitments. Draft messages do not resolve the choice of a defensible communication strategy." }, { "id": "23951", "text": "Post and update content on the company's Web site and social media outlets.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.41, "class": "A", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Approved content can be published on a configured schedule with ordinary software. This covers distribution, not deciding whether the message is accurate or appropriate to release." }, { "id": "20554", "text": "Write press releases or other media communications to promote clients.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.38, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "First drafts are readily assistable from approved facts. Claims, quotations, tone and the decision to publish require verification and editorial responsibility." }, { "id": "1765", "text": "Establish or maintain cooperative relationships with representatives of community, consumer, employee, or public interest groups.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.23, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Relationships depend on reciprocal trust and responsiveness over time. Message suggestions do not establish that a community or stakeholder accepts the organization's position." }, { "id": "1770", "text": "Confer with other managers to identify trends or key group interests or concerns or to provide advice on business decisions.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.18, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Advising leaders requires understanding the affected groups and the consequences of a decision. Summaries can inform the discussion, not settle it." }, { "id": "1772", "text": "Coach client representatives in effective communication with the public or with employees.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.14, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Coaching depends on observing a person's responses and practicing difficult exchanges. Generated questions can support preparation without judging readiness for a real encounter." }, { "id": "1769", "text": "Study the objectives, promotional policies, or needs of organizations to develop public relations strategies that will influence public opinion or promote ideas, products, or services.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.1, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Background synthesis can help frame strategic options. An accountable person must test those options against organizational actions, stakeholder expectations and evidence." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.c", "name": "Persuasion", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2022" } ], "coreTotal": 15, "score": 25, "sensitivity": [ 19, 31 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-3031.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "art-directors", "name": "Art directors", "code": "27-1011", "category": "Creative work", "aliases": [ "art director", "creative director" ], "pay": 114850, "employment": 140200, "growth": 4.2, "openings": 12200, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "5 years or more", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 62.1, "summary": "Tools can generate visual alternatives and accelerate production. Art direction still involves selecting a coherent idea, explaining it and guiding people to execute it under client, brand and production constraints.", "scope": "Film, advertising, publishing and digital campaigns involve different teams and deliverables. The task index does not distinguish a director with staffing and budget responsibility from an individual designer given a senior title.", "example": "A campaign needs a consistent look across several contributors. A tool generates early references. The art director defines what must remain consistent, identifies which directions fit the brief and reviews the finished work as a connected system.", "check": "Check message hierarchy, visual consistency and feasibility in the actual output formats. Confirm that contributors understand the rationale and that references have not been mistaken for approved final assets.", "actions": [ "Document a creative brief and the criteria used to select a direction.", "Show how your feedback improved another person's work.", "Practice balancing a production constraint against the creative idea without losing the intended message." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether smaller teams expect directors to combine concept and hands-on production.", "Track demand for client presentation, cross-format consistency and judgment about generated imagery." ], "entry": "Direction usually builds on a record of delivering and reviewing creative work. A visual portfolio alone does not demonstrate budget management, staffing or responsibility for client decisions.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "web-and-digital-interface-designers", "bridge": "Translate a visual system into interactive states and test whether people can use it.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Critical Thinking", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Complex Problem Solving", "Time Management", "Writing", "Operations Analysis", "Active Learning" ] }, { "slug": "project-management-specialists", "bridge": "Run a creative production schedule with explicit dependencies, review gates and delivery criteria.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Critical Thinking", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Coordination", "Complex Problem Solving", "Time Management", "Writing", "Active Learning" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "291", "text": "Work with creative directors to develop design solutions.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.61, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Creative collaboration resolves direction and constraints across people. Generated references may help communicate an idea but do not establish an agreed solution." }, { "id": "288", "text": "Present final layouts to clients for approval.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.53, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Client presentation includes explaining trade-offs and gaining approval. A slide draft can support the meeting; the agreement and handling of objections remain interpersonal." }, { "id": "286", "text": "Manage own accounts and projects, working within budget and scheduling requirements.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.37, "class": "S", "reference": "asana", "rationale": "Tracking budgets, schedules and deliverables can be assisted. Prioritizing resources and handling changes require responsibility for the project rather than a status summary alone." }, { "id": "287", "text": "Confer with creative, art, copywriting, or production department heads to discuss client requirements and presentation concepts and to coordinate creative activities.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.35, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Coordinating creative departments involves resolving conflicting requirements. Automated notes can record commitments but cannot guarantee that they are workable." }, { "id": "289", "text": "Confer with clients to determine objectives, budget, background information, and presentation approaches, styles, and techniques.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.31, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "A client brief establishes goals and constraints that may initially be unclear. Software can structure questions, while negotiation and clarification remain central." }, { "id": "284", "text": "Formulate basic layout design or presentation approach and specify material details, such as style and size of type, photographs, graphics, animation, video, and sound.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.24, "class": "S", "reference": "canva", "rationale": "Layout alternatives can be generated from a brief. Coherence across media, accessibility and the rationale for a visual system require design review." }, { "id": "285", "text": "Review and approve art materials, copy materials, and proofs of printed copy developed by staff members.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.22, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Approval carries responsibility for whether materials meet the brief and production requirements. Automated checks support this decision without accepting responsibility for it." }, { "id": "294", "text": "Create custom illustrations or other graphic elements.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.14, "class": "S", "reference": "firefly", "rationale": "Generated imagery can contribute to a custom asset. Fit with the visual system, specific details and final production acceptance still need a designer or director." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.1.c", "name": "Persuasion", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.3.a", "name": "Operations Analysis", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2023" } ], "coreTotal": 12, "score": 19, "sensitivity": [ 13, 25 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-1011.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "human-resources-specialists", "name": "Human resources specialists", "code": "13-1071", "category": "People and learning", "aliases": [ "HR", "human resources", "recruiter" ], "pay": 75940, "employment": 939700, "growth": 6.4, "openings": 73700, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 1.1, "summary": "Records, draft communications and candidate search can be assisted. Hiring and employee support also involve sensitive information, fair processes and judgments that should not be delegated to a plausible automated answer.", "scope": "Recruiting, HR operations and generalist work have different exposure. The selected task statements include older source dates; they are useful descriptions of responsibility, not a survey of today's AI adoption in HR teams.", "example": "A hiring team needs to organize applicants against agreed job requirements. Software helps retrieve relevant information and draft interview questions. The specialist checks that criteria actually relate to the work and that missing evidence is not treated as evidence of inability.", "check": "Keep the criteria consistent, verify candidate information and document the reasons for decisions. Protect confidential material and escalate policy or accommodation questions through the appropriate internal process.", "actions": [ "Practice structured interviewing with job-related evidence and consistent notes.", "Learn to audit an HR record or workflow for errors and inappropriate access.", "Develop experience explaining a policy and identifying exceptions that require escalation." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether administrative work shifts into employee self-service systems.", "Track demand for employee relations, workforce planning and the ability to check automated recommendations." ], "entry": "A move into financial or general management requires additional functional experience. Training and compliance offer related responsibilities, but each needs its own evidence of facilitation or rule interpretation.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "training-and-development-specialists", "bridge": "Design an onboarding lesson and evaluate task performance after delivery.", "sharedSkills": [ "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Social Perceptiveness", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Instructing", "Learning Strategies" ] }, { "slug": "compliance-officers", "bridge": "Document a policy control, the evidence it requires and a fair process for handling exceptions.", "sharedSkills": [ "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Social Perceptiveness", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Complex Problem Solving" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "18861", "text": "Interpret and explain human resources policies, procedures, laws, standards, or regulations.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.66, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Applying a policy to a particular person's circumstances requires accountable interpretation. A document summary is not sufficient evidence that a decision is appropriate or current." }, { "id": "18859", "text": "Hire employees and process hiring-related paperwork.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.5, "class": "S", "reference": "linkedin", "rationale": "Candidate discovery and paperwork can be assisted. The full hiring duty includes verified decisions, communication and authorized processing of personal information." }, { "id": "18864", "text": "Maintain current knowledge of Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) and affirmative action guidelines and laws, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.44, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Summaries can organize supplied guidance. Current obligations must be checked against the authoritative source; older occupation-task wording is not current legal advice." }, { "id": "18866", "text": "Prepare or maintain employment records related to events, such as hiring, termination, leaves, transfers, or promotions, using human resources management system software.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.33, "class": "A", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Validated employment events can update a configured HR record system. This is conventional workflow automation; authorization, access and correction of disputed records remain separate controls." }, { "id": "18852", "text": "Address employee relations issues, such as harassment allegations, work complaints, or other employee concerns.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.31, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Employee concerns require listening, fact finding and fair handling of sensitive accounts. A generated response cannot substitute for an appropriate investigation." }, { "id": "18860", "text": "Inform job applicants of details such as duties and responsibilities, compensation, benefits, schedules, working conditions, or promotion opportunities.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.18, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Approved descriptions can support routine applicant communication. Questions about individual terms or exceptions require a verified answer from the responsible employer." }, { "id": "18868", "text": "Review employment applications and job orders to match applicants with job requirements.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.18, "class": "S", "reference": "linkedin", "rationale": "Search and matching can surface possible applicants. Suitability depends on verified evidence, relevant criteria and scrutiny of inappropriate exclusions." }, { "id": "18871", "text": "Select qualified job applicants or refer them to managers, making hiring recommendations when appropriate.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.16, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Selecting or recommending a person is an accountable employment decision. Search assistance may contribute evidence but does not justify the final choice." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.B.1.f", "name": "Service Orientation", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.B.1.e", "name": "Instructing", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.A.2.c", "name": "Learning Strategies", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2019" } ], "coreTotal": 19, "score": 38, "sensitivity": [ 31, 44 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1071.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "financial-managers", "name": "Financial managers", "code": "11-3031", "category": "Finance and operations", "aliases": [ "finance manager", "controller", "treasurer" ], "pay": 166570, "employment": 879700, "growth": 9.7, "openings": 65600, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "5 years or more", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 1.4, "summary": "Reporting and scenario preparation can be assisted, but financial management includes choosing assumptions, allocating resources and accepting responsibility for decisions. A low task index does not mean that finance teams or management structures will remain unchanged.", "scope": "This occupation includes distinct management settings, and its O*NET core sample is small. Treasury, planning and financial control responsibilities vary substantially between organizations.", "example": "A business faces an uncertain cash position. Software prepares several scenarios from supplied revenue, payment and cost assumptions. The manager checks whether the inputs reflect actual obligations and chooses what actions should follow if conditions worsen.", "check": "Reconcile the opening position, inspect timing assumptions and distinguish committed obligations from optional spending. Present the range of outcomes and decision triggers without implying that a model predicts the future.", "actions": [ "Demonstrate ownership of a forecast with a clear assumption log.", "Practice explaining a resource decision and its downside to nonfinance leaders.", "Build experience supervising controls and reviewing other people's analysis." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether management roles absorb systems, data governance or business partnering responsibilities.", "Track whether faster reporting changes decision quality or merely increases the volume of reports." ], "entry": "BLS identifies substantial related work experience for this occupation. The pay median covers existing financial managers and should not be used as a promised salary after a short course or immediate career change.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "management-analysts", "bridge": "Study a cross-functional process and assess changes beyond the finance reporting view.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Writing", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness", "Coordination", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making" ] }, { "slug": "compliance-officers", "bridge": "Explore a specific control framework and practice a documented assessment of its operation.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Writing", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness", "Coordination", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Time Management" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "21311", "text": "Establish and maintain relationships with individual or business customers or provide assistance with problems these customers may encounter.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.3, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Customer relationships involve understanding needs and taking responsibility for commitments. Draft correspondence can support, but cannot establish, that relationship." }, { "id": "21319", "text": "Oversee the flow of cash or financial instruments.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.2, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Cash information and forecasts can be analyzed with assistance. Access controls, liquidity assumptions and authorization for moving funds remain distinct responsibilities." }, { "id": "21312", "text": "Plan, direct, or coordinate the activities of workers in branches, offices, or departments of establishments, such as branch banks, brokerage firms, risk and insurance departments, or credit departments.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.13, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Managing a financial team requires allocating responsibility and resolving problems in context. A generated work plan cannot establish effective control or staff capability." }, { "id": "21313", "text": "Recruit staff members.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 3.78, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Recruiting here refers to the manager's responsibility for staffing decisions. Candidate discovery may be assisted, but selecting and committing to a hire remains human-led." }, { "id": "21315", "text": "Evaluate data pertaining to costs to plan budgets.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 3.61, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Budget scenarios can be calculated from supplied assumptions. Data quality, trade-offs and the decision about which scenario is credible require review." }, { "id": "21316", "text": "Oversee training programs.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 3.47, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Oversight means ensuring a program addresses staff needs and actual performance. Material generation can help deliver training without establishing that it is sufficient." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.f", "name": "Service Orientation", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2022" } ], "coreTotal": 6, "score": 17, "sensitivity": [ 8, 25 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-3031.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "software-developers", "name": "Software developers", "code": "15-1252", "category": "Software and data", "aliases": [ "software engineer", "developer", "backend", "full stack" ], "pay": 135980, "employment": 1717800, "growth": 10.2, "openings": 95300, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 1.5, "summary": "Code generation changes how software is produced, but a working snippet is only one part of delivering a reliable system. Requirements, interfaces, testing and operational responsibility are central to interpreting this occupation's exposure.", "scope": "Product development, embedded systems and enterprise applications have different constraints. The sample describes development broadly and cannot distinguish a narrowly specified change from a project with uncertain requirements.", "example": "An assistant implements an API endpoint from a specification. It also proposes tests. The developer checks whether the endpoint behaves correctly under invalid input, authorization boundaries, retries and failure of a dependency.", "check": "Review the specification independently of generated code, run meaningful tests and inspect integration behavior. Passing tests written from the same mistaken assumption does not validate the requirement.", "actions": [ "Show a deployed project with documented design trade-offs and failure handling.", "Practice reviewing unfamiliar code and explaining security-sensitive decisions.", "Learn to turn an ambiguous request into testable acceptance criteria." ], "signals": [ "Watch changes in expectations for the amount of code one developer maintains.", "Track review and incident work alongside coding speed." ], "entry": "Systems analysis emphasizes requirements and organizational processes; security analysis adds threat and incident work. Neither move follows automatically from using a coding assistant.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "computer-systems-analysts", "bridge": "Document a business workflow and turn it into requirements with stakeholder acceptance criteria.", "sharedSkills": [ "Programming", "Critical Thinking", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Learning", "Systems Analysis", "Active Listening", "Complex Problem Solving", "Systems Evaluation", "Writing" ] }, { "slug": "information-security-analysts", "bridge": "Investigate a controlled security scenario and explain the evidence, impact and remediation.", "sharedSkills": [ "Critical Thinking", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Learning", "Systems Analysis", "Active Listening", "Complex Problem Solving", "Writing" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "21662", "text": "Analyze user needs and software requirements to determine feasibility of design within time and cost constraints.", "updated": "08/2025", "ratingUpdated": "08/2025", "importance": 4.08, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Requirements analysis determines which problem is worth solving under real constraints. Code suggestions cannot decide priorities or reconcile inconsistent user expectations." }, { "id": "21669", "text": "Develop or direct software system testing or validation procedures, programming, or documentation.", "updated": "08/2025", "ratingUpdated": "08/2025", "importance": 3.9, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Tests and documentation can be drafted. A developer must establish meaningful expected behavior, check coverage and judge whether a passing test demonstrates the requirement." }, { "id": "21664", "text": "Confer with systems analysts, engineers, programmers and others to design systems and to obtain information on project limitations and capabilities, performance requirements and interfaces.", "updated": "08/2025", "ratingUpdated": "08/2025", "importance": 3.75, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "System design discussions align teams on interfaces and constraints. Generated options can inform the discussion without establishing agreements between responsible owners." }, { "id": "21670", "text": "Modify existing software to correct errors, adapt it to new hardware, or upgrade interfaces and improve performance.", "updated": "08/2025", "ratingUpdated": "08/2025", "importance": 3.74, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "A candidate patch can reduce implementation effort. Reproducing the failure, checking compatibility and assessing unintended behavior remain necessary before release." }, { "id": "21673", "text": "Prepare reports or correspondence concerning project specifications, activities, or status.", "updated": "08/2025", "ratingUpdated": "08/2025", "importance": 3.68, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Status reports can be drafted from supplied records. The author must verify what was actually completed and explain unresolved risks rather than repeat optimistic summaries." }, { "id": "21661", "text": "Analyze information to determine, recommend, and plan installation of a new system or modification of an existing system.", "updated": "08/2025", "ratingUpdated": "08/2025", "importance": 3.61, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Existing code and specifications can be analyzed with assistance. Installation decisions still require environment knowledge, migration planning and an accountable rollback decision." }, { "id": "21676", "text": "Store, retrieve, and manipulate data for analysis of system capabilities and requirements.", "updated": "08/2025", "ratingUpdated": "08/2025", "importance": 3.59, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Queries and analysis code can be generated. Data permissions, representative workloads and the meaning of a measured result require verification." }, { "id": "21667", "text": "Design, develop and modify software systems, using scientific analysis and mathematical models to predict and measure outcomes and consequences of design.", "updated": "08/2025", "ratingUpdated": "08/2025", "importance": 3.56, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Implementation and modeling can be assisted. Architecture, operational constraints and evidence that the system meets its purpose remain responsibilities across the development lifecycle." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.B.3.e", "name": "Programming", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2025" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2025" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2025" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2025" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2025" }, { "id": "2.B.4.g", "name": "Systems Analysis", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2025" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2025" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2025" }, { "id": "2.B.3.b", "name": "Technology Design", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2025" }, { "id": "2.B.4.h", "name": "Systems Evaluation", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2025" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2025" }, { "id": "2.B.3.a", "name": "Operations Analysis", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2025" } ], "coreTotal": 11, "score": 38, "sensitivity": [ 31, 44 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1252.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "computer-programmers", "name": "Computer programmers", "code": "15-1251", "category": "Software and data", "aliases": [ "programmer", "coder" ], "pay": 100390, "employment": 110800, "growth": -7.3, "openings": 4400, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 14.6, "summary": "Well-specified coding, conversion and routine maintenance can be assisted. Programmers still need to understand existing behavior and verify changes against the environment where the program actually runs.", "scope": "BLS distinguishes programmers from software developers. A decline in one occupation's projection does not establish that all coding work disappears or that AI is the sole cause of the projection.", "example": "A legacy application needs a data-format change. An assistant suggests an implementation and updated tests. The programmer traces where the format is produced and consumed before accepting a change that passes a narrow test.", "check": "Check compatibility with existing records, downstream callers and error handling. Preserve a reproducible test case for the original issue and verify the release process.", "actions": [ "Build skill in debugging and maintaining an unfamiliar codebase.", "Document the operational context behind a small change.", "Add requirements and system-design practice to implementation skills." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether openings combine coding with testing, design or support responsibilities.", "Track the share of work involving legacy integration and exception handling." ], "entry": "Software development can broaden the scope of responsibility, but a new title alone does not provide design or product experience. Support work adds direct user investigation and troubleshooting.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "software-developers", "bridge": "Take a small feature from requirements through design, tests and release.", "sharedSkills": [ "Programming", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Reading Comprehension", "Systems Analysis", "Writing", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Active Learning" ] }, { "slug": "computer-user-support-specialists", "bridge": "Practice diagnosing a user's problem from symptoms and documenting a reproducible resolution.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Speaking", "Active Learning" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "1273", "text": "Write, analyze, review, and rewrite programs, using workflow chart and diagram, and applying knowledge of computer capabilities, subject matter, and symbolic logic.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 4.42, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "A generated implementation can follow a clear specification. The programmer must still check behavior, edge cases and the assumptions hidden in the specification." }, { "id": "1267", "text": "Correct errors by making appropriate changes and rechecking the program to ensure that the desired results are produced.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 4.38, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Patch suggestions can help localize an error. Reproducing the problem and checking for regressions remain necessary to establish that the repair works." }, { "id": "1272", "text": "Perform or direct revision, repair, or expansion of existing programs to increase operating efficiency or adapt to new requirements.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 4.37, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Refactoring and expansion can be assisted. Existing integrations and undocumented expectations make human review important even when generated changes appear locally correct." }, { "id": "1270", "text": "Write, update, and maintain computer programs or software packages to handle specific jobs such as tracking inventory, storing or retrieving data, or controlling other equipment.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 4.15, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Routine program structures can be generated. The full duty includes maintenance and suitability for the specific business process or controlled equipment." }, { "id": "1271", "text": "Consult with managerial, engineering, and technical personnel to clarify program intent, identify problems, and suggest changes.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 4.04, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Clarifying intent requires agreement between people with different priorities. Software can summarize a discussion but cannot decide the authorized change." }, { "id": "1268", "text": "Conduct trial runs of programs and software applications to be sure they will produce the desired information and that the instructions are correct.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 3.96, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Test execution is repeatable, while useful test design and interpretation need judgment. Passing generated tests is weak evidence if those tests repeat the same mistaken assumptions." }, { "id": "1276", "text": "Prepare detailed workflow charts and diagrams that describe input, output, and logical operation, and convert them into a series of instructions coded in a computer language.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 3.58, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Workflow diagrams and code drafts can be assisted. The programmer must verify inputs, branch conditions and exceptions against the process being implemented." }, { "id": "1269", "text": "Compile and write documentation of program development and subsequent revisions, inserting comments in the coded instructions so others can understand the program.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 3.56, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Comment and documentation drafts can reflect supplied code. They require checks for outdated behavior, omitted limitations and unsupported explanations of intent." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.B.3.e", "name": "Programming", "importance": 4.75, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.B.3.m", "name": "Quality Control Analysis", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.B.4.g", "name": "Systems Analysis", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.1.e", "name": "Mathematics", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2018" } ], "coreTotal": 13, "score": 44, "sensitivity": [ 38, 50 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1251.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "data-scientists", "name": "Data scientists", "code": "15-2051", "category": "Software and data", "aliases": [ "data scientist", "machine learning", "ml engineer" ], "pay": 120230, "employment": 275600, "growth": 34.6, "openings": 24800, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 1.9, "summary": "AI can assist coding, exploration and written analysis. Reliable data science depends on defining a useful decision, understanding the data-generating process and evaluating results without misleading shortcuts.", "scope": "Forecasting, experimentation and machine learning applications differ in their failure modes. A model that performs well on a convenient dataset may fail when the population or operating conditions change.", "example": "A team builds a churn model. An assistant proposes features and training code. The scientist checks whether any feature contains information that would be unavailable at prediction time and whether the evaluation matches the intended deployment.", "check": "Audit leakage, use an appropriate holdout and compare against a simple baseline. Examine subgroup performance and whether acting on the prediction would actually help the business decision.", "actions": [ "Publish a reproducible analysis with data limitations and a baseline.", "Practice explaining uncertainty to someone choosing an action.", "Monitor a model or analysis for changes in input quality over time." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether employers emphasize production monitoring and domain knowledge.", "Track whether automated model building shifts effort toward evaluation and data quality." ], "entry": "Operations research adds explicit optimization and constraints. Market research introduces sampling and customer research methods that are not guaranteed by machine learning experience.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "operations-research-analysts", "bridge": "Formulate an operational decision with an objective and constraints, then test feasibility.", "sharedSkills": [ "Mathematics", "Critical Thinking", "Reading Comprehension", "Complex Problem Solving", "Speaking", "Active Learning", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Judgment and Decision Making" ] }, { "slug": "market-research-analysts", "bridge": "Design a customer study that distinguishes the sample from the population you want to understand.", "sharedSkills": [ "Mathematics", "Critical Thinking", "Reading Comprehension", "Complex Problem Solving", "Speaking", "Active Learning", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Monitoring" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "21823", "text": "Analyze, manipulate, or process large sets of data using statistical software.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.33, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Analysis code can be drafted and adapted. The scientist must establish whether the data and statistical choices answer the actual question." }, { "id": "21828", "text": "Create graphs, charts, or other visualizations to convey the results of data analysis using specialized software.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.33, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Chart production is assistable once inputs are defined. Scales, denominators, missing values and uncertainty determine whether the visualization communicates an honest result." }, { "id": "21837", "text": "Test, validate, and reformulate models to ensure accurate prediction of outcomes of interest.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.25, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Tools can help implement validation. Choosing independent evaluation data and detecting leakage or instability remain essential scientific decisions." }, { "id": "21829", "text": "Deliver oral or written presentations of the results of mathematical modeling and data analysis to management or other end users.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.21, "class": "S", "reference": "slides", "rationale": "A presentation can be drafted from results. Explaining limitations and answering stakeholder questions require understanding what the analysis does and does not show." }, { "id": "21836", "text": "Recommend data-driven solutions to key stakeholders.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.17, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "A recommendation connects evidence to consequences for the organization. Predictive performance alone cannot decide acceptable trade-offs or whether an intervention is appropriate." }, { "id": "21831", "text": "Identify business problems or management objectives that can be addressed through data analysis.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.13, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Problem definition establishes the objective and what success would mean. A model cannot compensate for an irrelevant target or an unobservable business outcome." }, { "id": "21826", "text": "Clean and manipulate raw data using statistical software.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.04, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Cleaning routines can be generated. Missingness, duplicates and unusual values require domain checks before a transformation is treated as correct." }, { "id": "21827", "text": "Compare models using statistical performance metrics, such as loss functions or proportion of explained variance.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.04, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Metric calculation can be automated. Choosing an evaluation design and interpreting a small difference require attention to uncertainty, data splits and operational usefulness." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.e", "name": "Mathematics", "importance": 4.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 4.25, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.3.e", "name": "Programming", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2026" } ], "coreTotal": 15, "score": 38, "sensitivity": [ 31, 44 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-2051.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "information-security-analysts", "name": "Information security analysts", "code": "15-1212", "category": "Software and data", "aliases": [ "cybersecurity", "security analyst", "soc analyst" ], "pay": 129180, "employment": 192900, "growth": 21, "openings": 14100, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "Less than 5 years", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 0.2, "summary": "Tools can summarize alerts and assist investigation, but security decisions depend on the environment, the evidence and the consequences of action. Automated recommendations can create risk when context is missing.", "scope": "Monitoring, incident response and governance use different skills. The occupation's growth projection is a national employment estimate and does not guarantee an entry-level vacancy or a particular specialization.", "example": "A tool summarizes suspicious account activity. The analyst checks the timeline, affected assets and normal behavior before deciding whether the event is benign, needs further investigation or requires escalation.", "check": "Verify the underlying logs and their coverage, distinguish observations from hypotheses and follow the organization's response authority. A fluent incident narrative can omit contradictory events.", "actions": [ "Practice evidence-based investigation in an authorized lab.", "Learn how identity, networks and applications interact in a real system.", "Write an incident handoff that separates verified facts from open questions." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether alert triage is increasingly automated while escalation work expands.", "Track demand for cloud, identity and communication skills in the roles you target." ], "entry": "Security work often builds on practical systems knowledge. A certificate or tool demonstration does not by itself establish readiness to make production response decisions.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "computer-systems-analysts", "bridge": "Map a system's business dependencies and identify where requirements create security constraints.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Critical Thinking", "Active Listening", "Complex Problem Solving", "Speaking", "Writing", "Monitoring", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Systems Analysis", "Active Learning" ] }, { "slug": "software-developers", "bridge": "Implement and test a small security-related feature, adding development workflow experience.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Critical Thinking", "Active Listening", "Complex Problem Solving", "Writing", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Systems Analysis", "Active Learning" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "5314", "text": "Develop plans to safeguard computer files against accidental or unauthorized modification, destruction, or disclosure and to meet emergency data processing needs.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 4.4, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "A safeguard plan depends on assets, threats and business tolerance. Generated proposals need an accountable owner who knows the environment and recovery requirements." }, { "id": "5316", "text": "Monitor current reports of computer viruses to determine when to update virus protection systems.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 4.23, "class": "S", "reference": "security", "rationale": "Advisory summaries can prioritize investigation. Asset relevance and the risk of a particular update must be verified in the organization's environment." }, { "id": "5321", "text": "Encrypt data transmissions and erect firewalls to conceal confidential information as it is being transmitted and to keep out tainted digital transfers.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 4.18, "class": "S", "reference": "security", "rationale": "Configuration assistance can reduce preparation work. Key handling, access paths and the impact of a firewall change require authorized implementation and validation." }, { "id": "5320", "text": "Perform risk assessments and execute tests of data processing system to ensure functioning of data processing activities and security measures.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 4.12, "class": "S", "reference": "security", "rationale": "Evidence gathering and test interpretation can be assisted. Scope, authorization and whether controls actually reduce the relevant risk remain analyst responsibilities." }, { "id": "5317", "text": "Modify computer security files to incorporate new software, correct errors, or change individual access status.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 4.1, "class": "S", "reference": "security", "rationale": "Suggested changes can help maintain configurations. Access decisions and production effects must be reviewed against the authorized change rather than accepted from a generated recommendation." }, { "id": "5323", "text": "Review violations of computer security procedures and discuss procedures with violators to ensure violations are not repeated.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 4.04, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Investigating a violation involves context, evidence and communication with people. An alert or summary cannot establish intent or decide the appropriate response." }, { "id": "5315", "text": "Confer with users to discuss issues such as computer data access needs, security violations, and programming changes.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 3.94, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Access needs and security changes require agreement on legitimate use. A tool can organize requests without deciding whose access is justified." }, { "id": "5322", "text": "Document computer security and emergency measures policies, procedures, and tests.", "updated": "08/2018", "ratingUpdated": "08/2018", "importance": 3.94, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Policy and incident-document drafts can be assisted. They must match real controls, verified events and the procedures that staff can actually carry out." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.B.4.g", "name": "Systems Analysis", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2018" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2018" } ], "coreTotal": 11, "score": 31, "sensitivity": [ 25, 38 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1212.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "computer-systems-analysts", "name": "Computer systems analysts", "code": "15-1211", "category": "Software and data", "aliases": [ "systems analyst", "business systems" ], "pay": 105850, "employment": 544400, "growth": 7.9, "openings": 32900, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 2.6, "summary": "Documentation and technical comparisons can be assisted. Systems analysis still requires discovering what users need, reconciling constraints and checking that a proposed system fits the organization.", "scope": "A business application replacement and a technical integration study can share this occupation title. The amount of coding, vendor assessment and process work varies with the employer.", "example": "An organization considers replacing a case-management system. An assistant summarizes requested features. The analyst observes the workflow and finds exceptions, data dependencies and permissions that were absent from the initial request.", "check": "Validate requirements with actual users, trace data between systems and define acceptance tests for critical workflows. A long feature list is not a complete description of operational fit.", "actions": [ "Write requirements that link to observable user tasks.", "Practice mapping integrations and migration risks.", "Document a trade-off between user needs, cost and maintainability." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether routine specification writing becomes faster.", "Track demand for integration, change management and industry-specific process knowledge." ], "entry": "Development requires implementation depth; project management requires delivery ownership. Systems analysis can expose you to both without automatically providing the full experience for either.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "software-developers", "bridge": "Implement one of your specified workflows and test its edge cases.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Systems Analysis", "Systems Evaluation", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Writing", "Complex Problem Solving", "Programming" ] }, { "slug": "project-management-specialists", "bridge": "Take responsibility for a scoped implementation plan with dependencies and acceptance criteria.", "sharedSkills": [ "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Writing", "Monitoring", "Complex Problem Solving" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "20950", "text": "Troubleshoot program and system malfunctions to restore normal functioning.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.24, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Diagnostic suggestions can narrow likely causes. Restoring service requires checking the environment and the consequences of each intervention." }, { "id": "3464", "text": "Provide staff and users with assistance solving computer-related problems, such as malfunctions and program problems.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4.05, "class": "S", "reference": "zendesk", "rationale": "Known solutions can help answer routine questions. An analyst must recognize when the reported problem differs from the documented case or needs escalation." }, { "id": "3465", "text": "Test, maintain, and monitor computer programs and systems, including coordinating the installation of computer programs and systems.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 4, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Monitoring and test scripts can be assisted. Coordinating installation and establishing safe changes require system ownership and evidence from the target environment." }, { "id": "3482", "text": "Use the computer in the analysis and solution of business problems, such as development of integrated production and inventory control and cost analysis systems.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.97, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Models and queries can help examine business processes. The analyst must check that the proposed system supports the actual workflow and data definitions." }, { "id": "3468", "text": "Coordinate and link the computer systems within an organization to increase compatibility so that information can be shared.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.78, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Integration crosses ownership and data boundaries. Automation can implement interfaces, but agreement on meaning, access and operational responsibility is central to the duty." }, { "id": "3466", "text": "Use object-oriented programming languages, as well as client and server applications development processes and multimedia and Internet technology.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.71, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Programming components can be assisted. Correct integration still depends on testing, permissions and compatibility with the selected architecture." }, { "id": "3474", "text": "Analyze information processing or computation needs and plan and design computer systems, using techniques such as structured analysis, data modeling, and information engineering.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.6, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Models and design alternatives can be drafted. The analyst must validate requirements, transaction boundaries and consequences for existing operations." }, { "id": "3469", "text": "Consult with management to ensure agreement on system principles.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.57, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Agreement on system principles is a management decision. A generated specification documents an agreement only after stakeholders have made it." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.4.g", "name": "Systems Analysis", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.4.h", "name": "Systems Evaluation", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.3.e", "name": "Programming", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2023" } ], "coreTotal": 18, "score": 38, "sensitivity": [ 31, 44 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1211.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "computer-user-support-specialists", "name": "Computer user support specialists", "code": "15-1232", "category": "Service and administration", "aliases": [ "IT support", "help desk", "desktop support" ], "pay": 61860, "employment": 750600, "growth": -3.5, "openings": 39700, "education": "Some college, no degree", "experience": "None", "training": "Moderate-term on-the-job training", "selfEmployment": 2.5, "summary": "Routine troubleshooting and knowledge retrieval can be assisted. User support also requires diagnosing incomplete descriptions, working with real devices and deciding when an issue needs escalation.", "scope": "Remote help desk work differs from onsite support and specialized application support. A resolved chat is not necessarily a resolved technical problem if the underlying fault remains.", "example": "A user reports that an application cannot connect. An assistant retrieves likely fixes. The specialist checks the actual symptoms, environment and recent changes before applying a solution that might affect access or data.", "check": "Verify the result with the user, avoid collecting unnecessary sensitive information and document the cause or remaining uncertainty. Escalate with reproducible evidence rather than a list of attempted guesses.", "actions": [ "Build a troubleshooting record that shows hypotheses and tests.", "Learn identity, networking and device-management basics.", "Improve knowledge articles from recurring incidents and verify that another person can follow them." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether simple requests move into self-service.", "Track the complexity and technical breadth of the tickets that remain with people." ], "entry": "Security and systems analysis require additional technical and organizational understanding. Support experience is useful evidence when it shows investigation and reliable escalation, not just ticket volume.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "information-security-analysts", "bridge": "Practice identifying a security-relevant event and preserving an accurate evidence trail.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Writing", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Active Learning", "Monitoring" ] }, { "slug": "computer-systems-analysts", "bridge": "Analyze recurring tickets as a process or system problem and propose testable requirements.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Writing", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Active Learning", "Monitoring" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "1285", "text": "Oversee the daily performance of computer systems.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.99, "class": "S", "reference": "security", "rationale": "Monitoring aids can summarize system signals. Someone must verify whether an alert reflects user impact and which response is appropriate." }, { "id": "1286", "text": "Set up equipment for employee use, performing or ensuring proper installation of cables, operating systems, or appropriate software.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.94, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Equipment setup includes physical installation and confirming the user's environment. Remote instructions can assist but cannot carry out the full on-site duty." }, { "id": "1288", "text": "Read technical manuals, confer with users, or conduct computer diagnostics to investigate and resolve problems or to provide technical assistance and support.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.94, "class": "S", "reference": "zendesk", "rationale": "A knowledge search can suggest diagnostics. A support worker must verify symptoms, obtain appropriate authorization and recognize when a proposed fix does not apply." }, { "id": "1282", "text": "Answer user inquiries regarding computer software or hardware operation to resolve problems.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.79, "class": "S", "reference": "zendesk", "rationale": "Known answers can resolve bounded questions. Account-specific problems, unfamiliar failures and uncertain instructions still need investigation or escalation." }, { "id": "1284", "text": "Install and perform minor repairs to hardware, software, or peripheral equipment, following design or installation specifications.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.77, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Minor repairs can require physical inspection and intervention. Software guidance assists preparation but does not perform the hands-on work." }, { "id": "1289", "text": "Confer with staff, users, and management to establish requirements for new systems or modifications.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.71, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "System requirements emerge from conversations about work and constraints. Collecting requests is easier to automate than agreeing on what should change." }, { "id": "1283", "text": "Enter commands and observe system functioning to verify correct operations and detect errors.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.57, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Diagnostic commands can be suggested or scripted. The worker must understand permissions, possible side effects and what the observed result establishes." }, { "id": "1287", "text": "Maintain records of daily data communication transactions, problems and remedial actions taken, or installation activities.", "updated": "08/2023", "ratingUpdated": "08/2023", "importance": 3.47, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Ticket notes can be drafted from a verified interaction. Accurate identity, actions and resolution status need checking before the record becomes future guidance." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.2.c", "name": "Learning Strategies", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2023" }, { "id": "2.B.1.f", "name": "Service Orientation", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2023" } ], "coreTotal": 13, "score": 31, "sensitivity": [ 25, 38 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1232.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "web-developers", "name": "Web developers", "code": "15-1254", "category": "Software and data", "aliases": [ "web developer", "frontend", "front end" ], "pay": 92650, "employment": 87400, "growth": 3.8, "openings": 5300, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 17.5, "summary": "Page scaffolding and routine code changes are assistable. Delivering a useful website still requires checking behavior, accessibility, performance and integrations in the actual publishing or business context.", "scope": "Template-based sites, complex applications and commerce integrations differ substantially. The occupation sample is broader than the act of producing HTML or generating a visual mockup.", "example": "An assistant builds a registration form. The developer checks validation, keyboard use, error recovery and the server-side behavior when data is missing or a request is repeated.", "check": "Test the complete flow on small screens and assistive technologies, inspect network requests and verify failure states. A convincing screenshot does not prove the interaction works.", "actions": [ "Show a site with measured accessibility and performance checks.", "Practice debugging browser and server interactions.", "Explain a trade-off between a dependency and a simpler implementation." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether simple page production becomes bundled into publishing tools.", "Track demand for maintenance, integration and ownership of measurable user outcomes." ], "entry": "Interface design adds research and interaction judgment. Broader software development adds system responsibilities beyond a browser interface.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "web-and-digital-interface-designers", "bridge": "Test a prototype with users and document how the findings changed the interaction.", "sharedSkills": [ "Programming", "Critical Thinking", "Reading Comprehension", "Complex Problem Solving", "Operations Analysis", "Active Listening", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Speaking", "Writing", "Monitoring" ] }, { "slug": "software-developers", "bridge": "Build a small service behind an interface and verify its data and failure behavior.", "sharedSkills": [ "Programming", "Critical Thinking", "Reading Comprehension", "Complex Problem Solving", "Operations Analysis", "Active Listening", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Writing", "Systems Analysis" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "14707", "text": "Write supporting code for Web applications or Web sites.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.58, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Supporting code can be generated from clear requirements. Integration, accessibility, security and edge cases require verification in the actual site." }, { "id": "14694", "text": "Design, build, or maintain Web sites, using authoring or scripting languages, content creation tools, management tools, and digital media.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.42, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Website drafts and changes can be assisted. Maintaining a working service includes content accuracy, user journeys and deployment behavior beyond code generation." }, { "id": "14698", "text": "Back up files from Web sites to local directories for instant recovery in case of problems.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.35, "class": "A", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Scheduled backups are established software automation. Retention, access and tested restoration determine whether those files are useful when recovery is needed." }, { "id": "14711", "text": "Select programming languages, design tools, or applications.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.17, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Selecting tools balances team capability, lifecycle cost and requirements. A suggested stack cannot establish those constraints for the organization." }, { "id": "14700", "text": "Evaluate code to ensure that it is valid, is properly structured, meets industry standards, and is compatible with browsers, devices, or operating systems.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.09, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Automated checks can identify some invalid code and compatibility issues. They do not establish complete usability or correctness across all relevant user situations." }, { "id": "14704", "text": "Develop databases that support Web applications and Web sites.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.05, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Schema and query drafts can be assisted. Data integrity, migrations, access and recovery require design decisions and validation." }, { "id": "14710", "text": "Perform Web site tests according to planned schedules, or after any Web site or product revision.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.04, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Routine test execution is automated readily. Choosing meaningful coverage and interpreting failures remain part of the full testing duty." }, { "id": "14695", "text": "Perform or direct Web site updates.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "A bounded website update can be drafted. Release approval, content verification and checking affected user journeys remain necessary." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.B.3.e", "name": "Programming", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.3.a", "name": "Operations Analysis", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.4.g", "name": "Systems Analysis", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3, "updated": "07/2017" } ], "coreTotal": 23, "score": 50, "sensitivity": [ 44, 56 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1254.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "web-and-digital-interface-designers", "name": "Web and digital interface designers", "code": "15-1255", "category": "Creative work", "aliases": [ "UX designer", "UI designer", "product designer", "interaction designer" ], "pay": 104000, "employment": 132700, "growth": 6, "openings": 8300, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 13.3, "summary": "Tools can generate screens and visual variants. Interface design still requires understanding user tasks, organizing interactions and checking that the design works across states, devices and access needs.", "scope": "The BLS occupation is broader than any single UX or product designer title. Visual design, research and interaction responsibilities vary, so match the task list to the actual role description.", "example": "A team redesigns a booking flow. Generated screens provide starting points. The designer tests whether people can select the correct option, understand the total and recover from an unavailable date.", "check": "Include loading, empty, error and keyboard states. Observe task completion rather than asking only whether the screen looks attractive, and record the limitations of a small usability study.", "actions": [ "Show a case study with a user problem, tested prototype and revisions.", "Practice accessible interaction patterns and clear interface language.", "Learn enough implementation detail to discuss feasibility with developers." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether employers merge visual production with interaction responsibilities.", "Track expectations for research, accessibility and working with design systems." ], "entry": "Web development requires coding and debugging practice. Art direction adds creative leadership and consistency across contributors and channels.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "web-developers", "bridge": "Implement an interaction with responsive layouts, validation and accessible controls.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Critical Thinking", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Active Listening", "Active Learning", "Complex Problem Solving", "Programming", "Writing", "Speaking", "Monitoring", "Operations Analysis" ] }, { "slug": "art-directors", "bridge": "Guide another contributor through a visual brief and review the resulting work against shared criteria.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Critical Thinking", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Active Listening", "Active Learning", "Complex Problem Solving", "Writing", "Speaking", "Operations Analysis", "Time Management" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "21702", "text": "Identify problems uncovered by testing or customer feedback, and correct problems or refer problems to appropriate personnel for correction.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.31, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "User feedback needs interpretation before a design problem is diagnosed. A generated solution cannot establish why people struggled or whether the change helps them." }, { "id": "21692", "text": "Design, build, or maintain Web sites, using authoring or scripting languages, content creation tools, management tools, and digital media.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.13, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Implementation can be assisted from a design. The designer must check the interaction, content and behavior that users actually encounter." }, { "id": "21714", "text": "Write supporting code for Web applications or Web sites.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.1, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Code drafts can help prototype an interface. Production quality requires checks beyond whether the mockup looks correct in one state." }, { "id": "21706", "text": "Perform Web site tests according to planned schedules, or after any Web site or product revision.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.06, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Repeatable checks can support interface testing. Task selection, accessibility and interpretation of observed user behavior still require judgment." }, { "id": "21686", "text": "Collaborate with web development professionals, such as front-end or back-end developers, to complete the full scope of Web development projects.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.05, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Design and development collaboration resolves feasibility and intent. A specification can support the conversation, but cannot negotiate the trade-offs for the team." }, { "id": "21694", "text": "Develop new visual design concepts and modify concepts based on stakeholder feedback.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.01, "class": "S", "reference": "canva", "rationale": "Visual concepts can be generated and varied. User needs, interaction consistency and stakeholder constraints determine which change is suitable." }, { "id": "21704", "text": "Maintain understanding of current Web technologies or programming practices through continuing education, reading, or participation in professional conferences, workshops, or groups.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 3.95, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Summaries can help survey new material. Keeping knowledge current requires checking the original documentation and trying relevant behavior in the target context." }, { "id": "21711", "text": "Respond to user email inquiries, or set up automated systems to send responses.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 3.92, "class": "S", "reference": "zendesk", "rationale": "Routine inquiries can use configured responses. Unclear or sensitive cases require routing, and a plausible reply is not evidence that a user's problem is solved." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.3.e", "name": "Programming", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.3.a", "name": "Operations Analysis", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2026" } ], "coreTotal": 22, "score": 38, "sensitivity": [ 31, 44 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1255.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "bookkeeping-clerks", "name": "Bookkeeping, accounting and auditing clerks", "code": "43-3031", "category": "Finance and operations", "aliases": [ "bookkeeper", "accounts payable", "accounts receivable" ], "pay": 50670, "employment": 1532400, "growth": -5.6, "openings": 144100, "education": "Some college, no degree", "experience": "None", "training": "Moderate-term on-the-job training", "selfEmployment": 5.6, "summary": "Structured entry, matching and routine record updates are exposed to established accounting software and AI assistance. Exceptions, source quality and understanding why records disagree remain important parts of the work.", "scope": "This profile covers bookkeeping, accounting and auditing clerks, not the full accountant occupation. A small business role may combine many administrative duties that are absent from the selected task sample.", "example": "Software proposes matches between bank transactions and invoices. The clerk investigates unmatched items and apparent duplicates instead of accepting every suggested match to clear the queue.", "check": "Confirm the supporting document, transaction date and account treatment under the organization's procedures. Escalate items that require accounting judgment and preserve a traceable correction record.", "actions": [ "Practice a complete reconciliation with intentionally messy records.", "Learn to distinguish an entry error from a missing business document.", "Build spreadsheet and accounting-system skills around exception handling." ], "signals": [ "Watch how many routine entries arrive through connected systems.", "Track demand for reconciliation, payroll support and explaining discrepancies to colleagues." ], "entry": "Accounting usually requires additional education and a broader technical foundation. Administrative work may be closer in entry requirements but has its own routine-processing exposure.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "accountants-and-auditors", "bridge": "Study the accounting concepts behind the entries and complete a supported analysis of a financial statement.", "sharedSkills": [ "Mathematics", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Writing", "Speaking", "Monitoring", "Complex Problem Solving", "Active Learning" ] }, { "slug": "administrative-assistants", "bridge": "Demonstrate scheduling, correspondence and document coordination beyond financial records.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Writing", "Speaking", "Monitoring", "Time Management", "Coordination", "Service Orientation", "Active Learning" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "2487", "text": "Operate computers programmed with accounting software to record, store, and analyze information.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.76, "class": "A", "reference": "intuit", "rationale": "Configured accounting software can store and process approved routine records. Correct source data, exceptions and access controls remain prerequisites for reliable automation." }, { "id": "2486", "text": "Check figures, postings, and documents for correct entry, mathematical accuracy, and proper codes.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.68, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Checks can identify arithmetic or coding inconsistencies. A balanced entry can still describe the wrong transaction, so supporting documents require review." }, { "id": "2488", "text": "Comply with federal, state, and company policies, procedures, and regulations.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.57, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Compliance involves applying current requirements to the organization's work. Software can supply checks, but it does not establish that every relevant obligation is met." }, { "id": "2495", "text": "Operate 10-key calculators, typewriters, and copy machines to perform calculations and produce documents.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.47, "class": "A", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Routine calculations and document copying are established mechanized work. This historical task does not demonstrate a new generative-AI effect." }, { "id": "2500", "text": "Receive, record, and bank cash, checks, and vouchers.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.46, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Receiving and banking payments can involve physical custody and authorization. Digital capture assists the record, while handling funds requires controlled procedures." }, { "id": "2493", "text": "Code documents according to company procedures.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.32, "class": "S", "reference": "intuit", "rationale": "Suggested account codes can reduce repetitive entry. Unfamiliar transactions and policy exceptions must be resolved against supporting evidence." }, { "id": "2497", "text": "Perform financial calculations, such as amounts due, interest charges, balances, discounts, equity, and principal.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.32, "class": "A", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Deterministic calculations can run from validated inputs and rules. Correct dates, rates and contractual terms must be established before trusting the result." }, { "id": "2496", "text": "Reconcile or note and report discrepancies found in records.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.29, "class": "S", "reference": "intuit", "rationale": "Software can identify unmatched balances. Explaining and resolving a discrepancy requires evidence rather than a forced match." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.e", "name": "Mathematics", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 2.88, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.1.f", "name": "Service Orientation", "importance": 2.88, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 2.88, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 2.75, "updated": "07/2017" } ], "coreTotal": 13, "score": 56, "sensitivity": [ 50, 63 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-3031.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "customer-service-representatives", "name": "Customer service representatives", "code": "43-4051", "category": "Service and administration", "aliases": [ "customer support", "call center", "customer service rep" ], "pay": 44770, "employment": 2666000, "growth": -5.3, "openings": 289500, "education": "High school diploma or equivalent", "experience": "None", "training": "Short-term on-the-job training", "selfEmployment": 0.5, "summary": "Approved answers and simple requests can be handled through automated service workflows. People remain important when the customer's problem crosses systems, falls outside policy or needs a negotiated resolution.", "scope": "This profile covers general customer service rather than specialized technical support. A heavily scripted contact center and a complex business support role can have very different daily work.", "example": "A customer disputes a charge after a partial cancellation. An assistant retrieves the policy and summarizes the account history. The representative checks what actually happened and whether the case fits the standard rule.", "check": "Verify identity and records through the approved process, explain the available options and escalate exceptions with a complete handoff. A quick reply is not sufficient if the account remains wrong.", "actions": [ "Document a complex resolution with clear evidence and follow-through.", "Learn the systems and policies behind the questions you receive.", "Practice concise escalation notes that prevent the customer repeating the story." ], "signals": [ "Watch which contacts become self-service and which return unresolved.", "Track expectations for judgment, retention work and cross-team coordination." ], "entry": "Technical support requires troubleshooting knowledge; sales adds prospecting and commercial responsibility. Customer communication transfers, but the underlying success criteria change.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "computer-user-support-specialists", "bridge": "Build technical troubleshooting practice and show a reproducible diagnosis.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Service Orientation", "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Critical Thinking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Writing", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness" ] }, { "slug": "service-sales-representatives", "bridge": "Practice discovering a customer's need and explaining an appropriate offer without unsupported promises.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Service Orientation", "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Critical Thinking", "Time Management", "Writing", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness", "Persuasion", "Negotiation" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "18565", "text": "Confer with customers by telephone or in person to provide information about products or services, take or enter orders, cancel accounts, or obtain details of complaints.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.67, "class": "S", "reference": "zendesk", "rationale": "Approved knowledge and account workflows can support routine conversations. Complaints, identity uncertainty and exceptions require a person or appropriate escalation." }, { "id": "2578", "text": "Keep records of customer interactions or transactions, recording details of inquiries, complaints, or comments, as well as actions taken.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.53, "class": "S", "reference": "zendesk", "rationale": "Interaction summaries can reduce note-taking. The worker must check commitments, identity and the actual outcome before storing the record." }, { "id": "2580", "text": "Check to ensure that appropriate changes were made to resolve customers' problems.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.39, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Resolution means confirming the customer's problem changed, not merely that a ticket was closed. Status automation supplies a signal rather than that full conclusion." }, { "id": "2581", "text": "Contact customers to respond to inquiries or to notify them of claim investigation results or any planned adjustments.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.22, "class": "S", "reference": "zendesk", "rationale": "Routine notifications can be drafted from verified case results. Disputed outcomes and ambiguous questions require explanation within the company's authority limits." }, { "id": "2583", "text": "Determine charges for services requested, collect deposits or payments, or arrange for billing.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.18, "class": "S", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Configured systems can calculate ordinary charges and collect authorized payments. Billing disputes, permissions and exceptional terms prevent treating the full duty as unattended work." }, { "id": "2584", "text": "Complete contract forms, prepare change of address records, or issue service discontinuance orders, using computers.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.1, "class": "A", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Validated changes can populate approved forms through configured workflows. This assumes identity and authorization checks have already been satisfied." }, { "id": "2582", "text": "Refer unresolved customer grievances to designated departments for further investigation.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.07, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Escalation requires recognizing the nature and urgency of an unresolved grievance. Suggested routing helps, while ownership and adequate handoff remain central." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.f", "name": "Service Orientation", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.c", "name": "Persuasion", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.d", "name": "Negotiation", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2022" } ], "coreTotal": 7, "score": 43, "sensitivity": [ 36, 50 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-4051.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "executive-assistants", "name": "Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants", "code": "43-6011", "category": "Service and administration", "aliases": [ "executive assistant", "EA", "personal assistant" ], "pay": 76590, "employment": 489300, "growth": 0, "openings": 43300, "education": "High school diploma or equivalent", "experience": "Less than 5 years", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 0.7, "summary": "Scheduling, draft correspondence and document preparation can be assisted. Executive support also depends on context, discretion and resolving priorities that are not fully captured in a calendar or task list.", "scope": "Support for a single executive can differ from coordinating a leadership team. Access to sensitive information and the authority to make scheduling or communication decisions vary by organization.", "example": "Several urgent meetings compete for an executive's time. Software proposes slots. The assistant checks the purpose, decision deadlines and people needed, then resolves conflicts according to the executive's actual priorities.", "check": "Confirm attendance requirements, travel constraints and confidentiality. An available calendar slot does not establish that a meeting should happen or that its participants have the information they need.", "actions": [ "Build an anonymized coordination example showing competing constraints.", "Improve meeting preparation and follow-up so decisions have owners.", "Learn the business context behind recurring requests and reporting cycles." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether routine scheduling shifts to self-service tools.", "Track whether roles expand into project coordination or executive operations." ], "entry": "Project management requires explicit delivery responsibility. HR work introduces policy and employee-data obligations beyond general discretion and organization.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "project-management-specialists", "bridge": "Coordinate a scoped initiative with milestones, dependencies and acceptance criteria.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Writing", "Coordination", "Critical Thinking", "Social Perceptiveness", "Time Management", "Active Learning", "Monitoring", "Judgment and Decision Making" ] }, { "slug": "human-resources-specialists", "bridge": "Gain supervised experience with onboarding procedures and appropriate employee-record handling.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Writing", "Service Orientation", "Critical Thinking", "Social Perceptiveness", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "2770", "text": "Manage and maintain executives' schedules.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.38, "class": "S", "reference": "asana", "rationale": "Scheduling suggestions can help coordinate availability. Executive priorities, confidential constraints and relationship considerations require an informed decision." }, { "id": "2779", "text": "Make travel arrangements for executives.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.23, "class": "S", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Booking systems assist routine travel arrangements. Disruptions, preferences and approval limits make the full itinerary an exception-sensitive responsibility." }, { "id": "2771", "text": "Prepare invoices, reports, memos, letters, financial statements, and other documents, using word processing, spreadsheet, database, or presentation software.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.17, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Document drafts can be assembled from supplied information. Financial figures, commitments and sensitive details require checking before circulation." }, { "id": "18576", "text": "Coordinate and direct office services, such as records, departmental finances, budget preparation, personnel issues, and housekeeping, to aid executives.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.09, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Directing office services involves people, budgets and changing priorities. Status tools assist coordination without deciding the appropriate allocation of resources." }, { "id": "18573", "text": "Answer phone calls and direct calls to appropriate parties or take messages.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.06, "class": "S", "reference": "zendesk", "rationale": "Routine routing and message capture can be assisted. Sensitive calls and unclear requests need judgment about access and urgency." }, { "id": "2776", "text": "Prepare responses to correspondence containing routine inquiries.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.02, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "A draft can answer a routine inquiry using approved information. Tone, confidentiality and implied commitments still need review before sending." }, { "id": "2773", "text": "Open, sort, and distribute incoming correspondence, including faxes and email.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4.01, "class": "A", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Configured rules can sort and route routine digital correspondence. Sensitive or ambiguous items require an exception path and appropriate access controls." }, { "id": "2775", "text": "Greet visitors and determine whether they should be given access to specific individuals.", "updated": "07/2017", "ratingUpdated": "07/2017", "importance": 4, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Visitor access involves identity, context and the executive's priorities. A digital schedule does not establish that an unexpected visitor should be admitted." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 4, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.1.f", "name": "Service Orientation", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "07/2017" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "07/2017" } ], "coreTotal": 15, "score": 44, "sensitivity": [ 38, 50 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-6011.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "administrative-assistants", "name": "Secretaries and administrative assistants", "code": "43-6014", "category": "Service and administration", "aliases": [ "admin assistant", "office administrator", "secretary" ], "pay": 47540, "employment": 1889800, "growth": -6, "openings": 163900, "education": "High school diploma or equivalent", "experience": "None", "training": "Short-term on-the-job training", "selfEmployment": 1.5, "summary": "Routine correspondence, records and scheduling can be assisted or automated. Administrative value also comes from handling exceptions, maintaining reliable information and coordinating the work that falls between formal processes.", "scope": "The source occupation excludes legal, medical and executive secretaries and assistants. Those roles have different task definitions; the shorter page title should not be taken to include them.", "example": "An office receives incomplete requests for a shared resource. A tool drafts replies and records bookings. The assistant checks missing information, resolves conflicting requests and ensures the record reflects the final agreement.", "check": "Verify dates, participants and permissions before confirming an arrangement. Keep the authoritative record consistent instead of allowing several draft messages to become competing versions of the plan.", "actions": [ "Improve a recurring office process and document the exceptions.", "Develop reliable spreadsheet, record-management and correspondence skills.", "Demonstrate a coordinated event or workflow with clear responsibilities." ], "signals": [ "Watch which requests move into forms and self-service systems.", "Track demand for specialized industry knowledge and cross-team coordination." ], "entry": "Executive support adds more complex prioritization and confidentiality. Bookkeeping requires learning financial records and reconciliation, not simply transferring general spreadsheet skills.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "executive-assistants", "bridge": "Practice coordinating conflicting priorities with an explicit decision and communication process.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Service Orientation", "Time Management", "Monitoring", "Coordination", "Critical Thinking", "Social Perceptiveness", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Active Learning" ] }, { "slug": "bookkeeping-clerks", "bridge": "Complete a basic reconciliation and demonstrate how you handle missing supporting records.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Service Orientation", "Time Management", "Monitoring", "Coordination", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "2790", "text": "Answer telephones and give information to callers, take messages, or transfer calls to appropriate individuals.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.33, "class": "S", "reference": "zendesk", "rationale": "Known inquiries can use approved answers and routing. An unfamiliar caller or sensitive question requires clarification rather than a guessed response." }, { "id": "2791", "text": "Greet visitors or callers and handle their inquiries or direct them to the appropriate persons according to their needs.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.32, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Reception includes reading the situation and handling people in the physical workplace. Automated information helps without carrying out that full interaction." }, { "id": "20280", "text": "Use computers for various applications, such as database management or word processing.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.22, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Word processing and routine document tasks are assistable. Choosing the correct information and handling it appropriately remain part of the administrative duty." }, { "id": "20281", "text": "Create, maintain, and enter information into databases.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.22, "class": "A", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Validated structured entries can flow into a database through configured forms or imports. Data definitions, authorization and exceptions require an owner." }, { "id": "20283", "text": "Operate office equipment, such as fax machines, copiers, or phone systems and arrange for repairs when equipment malfunctions.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4.06, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Operating and arranging repair of office equipment involves the physical environment and vendors. A diagnostic suggestion does not perform the intervention." }, { "id": "20282", "text": "Set up and manage paper or electronic filing systems, recording information, updating paperwork, or maintaining documents, such as attendance records, correspondence, or other material.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 4, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Indexing and digital organization can be assisted. Retention rules, misfiled records and sensitive access need explicit handling." }, { "id": "2813", "text": "Operate electronic mail systems and coordinate the flow of information, internally or with other organizations.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 3.95, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Drafting and summarizing messages can support information flow. The assistant must verify recipients, context and whether an exchange needs escalation." }, { "id": "2801", "text": "Schedule and confirm appointments for clients, customers, or supervisors.", "updated": "08/2019", "ratingUpdated": "08/2019", "importance": 3.93, "class": "S", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Configured calendars can handle bounded booking. Conflicting priorities, access needs and rescheduling exceptions require attention to the people involved." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.B.1.f", "name": "Service Orientation", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2019" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 2.88, "updated": "08/2019" } ], "coreTotal": 20, "score": 44, "sensitivity": [ 38, 50 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-6014.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "editors", "name": "Editors", "code": "27-3041", "category": "Writing and communications", "aliases": [ "editor", "copy editor", "managing editor" ], "pay": 77920, "employment": 105000, "growth": -1.1, "openings": 7900, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "Less than 5 years", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 9, "summary": "Copy revision, consistency checks and draft summaries are assistable. Editorial responsibility includes deciding what merits publication, verifying claims and preserving the meaning and standards of the publication.", "scope": "Book, news and specialist publishing differ in deadlines and subject expertise. The occupation combines several kinds of editing; automated proofreading addresses only part of that work.", "example": "An assistant suggests tightening a reported article. The editor checks whether a qualification, attribution or uncertainty has been removed in the process, making the revised claim stronger than the evidence allows.", "check": "Verify material claims against original sources, preserve the author's intended meaning and distinguish a stylistic preference from a factual correction. Confirm that headlines accurately reflect the article.", "actions": [ "Build an edit sample showing the reason for substantive changes.", "Develop expertise in a subject where source evaluation matters.", "Practice commissioning a useful article with a clear evidence and audience brief." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether production editing is bundled into writing tools.", "Track demand for verification, commissioning and specialist editorial judgment." ], "entry": "Technical writing adds product investigation and procedural testing. Public relations changes the purpose of communication and the relationship to the organization being covered.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "technical-writers", "bridge": "Write and test a procedure for a product you can inspect.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Time Management", "Active Learning", "Monitoring", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Social Perceptiveness" ] }, { "slug": "public-relations-specialists", "bridge": "Develop an approved message plan with a factual record and audience questions.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Time Management", "Active Learning", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Social Perceptiveness" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "1780", "text": "Verify facts, dates, and statistics, using standard reference sources.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.66, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Fact verification requires tracing a claim to dependable evidence. A generated answer can suggest a lead but cannot serve as its own independent confirmation." }, { "id": "24025", "text": "Write text, such as headlines, stories, articles, editorials, or newsletters.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.61, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Text drafts can help explore structure or wording. The editor remains responsible for sourced claims, audience relevance and the decision to publish." }, { "id": "1777", "text": "Read copy or proof to detect and correct errors in spelling, punctuation, and syntax.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.59, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Language checks can catch common mechanical errors. Names, deliberate usage and context-sensitive meaning still need editorial review." }, { "id": "1776", "text": "Prepare, rewrite and edit copy to improve readability, or supervise others who do this work.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.57, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Alternative phrasing can improve a draft. The editor must preserve meaning and avoid introducing unsupported claims while making it readable." }, { "id": "1782", "text": "Develop story or content ideas, considering reader or audience appeal.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.56, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Choosing a useful story depends on audience needs and available evidence. Generating topics does not establish that a worthwhile report can be produced." }, { "id": "1778", "text": "Allocate print space for story text, photos, and illustrations according to space parameters and copy significance, using knowledge of layout principles.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.36, "class": "S", "reference": "canva", "rationale": "Layouts can be proposed within space constraints. Relative importance and readability require a deliberate editorial choice." }, { "id": "1783", "text": "Oversee publication production, including artwork, layout, computer typesetting, and printing, ensuring adherence to deadlines and budget requirements.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.26, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Production oversight coordinates people, quality, deadlines and budget. Automation can track tasks but does not resolve competing editorial priorities." }, { "id": "1784", "text": "Confer with management and editorial staff members regarding placement and emphasis of developing news stories.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.26, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Placement and emphasis require accountable decisions about developing information. A summary can inform the discussion without deciding the publication's treatment." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 5, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 4.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.1.d", "name": "Negotiation", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2026" } ], "coreTotal": 19, "score": 25, "sensitivity": [ 19, 31 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-3041.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "interpreters-and-translators", "name": "Interpreters and translators", "code": "27-3091", "category": "Writing and communications", "aliases": [ "translator", "interpreter", "localization" ], "pay": 60170, "employment": 73900, "growth": 2, "openings": 6000, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 27.6, "summary": "Machine translation can accelerate text work, while accuracy still depends on context, terminology and purpose. Interpreting a live exchange adds interaction and timing that a written translation workflow does not capture.", "scope": "The official occupation combines interpreters and translators. Legal, medical, literary and commercial work have distinct requirements, so this combined score is especially sensitive to which tasks fill your day.", "example": "A translator reviews a machine-produced product guide. A glossary supports consistent terminology, but the reviewer checks whether a technically correct word has the wrong meaning in the particular instruction.", "check": "Compare with the source, confirm ambiguous terms with the client and preserve units, warnings and intended register. For live interpreting, review the assignment's separate competence and confidentiality requirements.", "actions": [ "Develop subject expertise and a documented terminology process.", "Show a revision sample explaining substantive translation errors.", "Learn to negotiate a brief that specifies audience, purpose and review responsibilities." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether text assignments shift toward post-editing and quality assurance.", "Track demand for specialist domains and live interactions in your language pair." ], "entry": "Technical writing requires original content development and product knowledge. Training requires facilitation and assessment in addition to strong language skills.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "technical-writers", "bridge": "Create and verify original instructions instead of only translating an existing source.", "sharedSkills": [ "Speaking", "Active Listening", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Monitoring", "Active Learning", "Social Perceptiveness", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Coordination" ] }, { "slug": "training-and-development-specialists", "bridge": "Develop a short bilingual lesson with practice and an assessment of understanding.", "sharedSkills": [ "Speaking", "Active Listening", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Monitoring", "Active Learning", "Social Perceptiveness", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Learning Strategies", "Coordination" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "9326", "text": "Follow ethical codes that protect the confidentiality of information.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.86, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Confidentiality depends on how information is handled and shared. A translation capability does not establish permission to upload sensitive material." }, { "id": "9328", "text": "Translate messages simultaneously or consecutively into specified languages, orally or by using hand signs, maintaining message content, context, and style as much as possible.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.73, "class": "S", "reference": "deepl", "rationale": "Language tools may assist some oral or written exchanges, but this duty also includes signed and live interpretation. Context, modality and consequences limit broad automation claims." }, { "id": "9335", "text": "Listen to speakers' statements to determine meanings and to prepare translations, using electronic listening systems as necessary.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.48, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Listening for intended meaning includes ambiguity, speaker context and real-time clarification. A transcript or translated phrase may miss what requires a question." }, { "id": "9333", "text": "Compile terminology and information to be used in translations, including technical terms such as those for legal or medical material.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.45, "class": "S", "reference": "deepl", "rationale": "Terminology suggestions can help build a working glossary. A specialist must verify equivalents against the domain and intended audience." }, { "id": "9332", "text": "Refer to reference materials, such as dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias, and computerized terminology banks, as needed to ensure translation accuracy.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.41, "class": "S", "reference": "deepl", "rationale": "Reference lookup can be accelerated. Choosing between plausible terms still requires checking meaning in the specific passage." }, { "id": "9330", "text": "Check translations of technical terms and terminology to ensure that they are accurate and remain consistent throughout translation revisions.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.35, "class": "S", "reference": "deepl", "rationale": "Glossaries support consistency across revisions. Consistent wording is not necessarily correct wording, so specialized terminology must be evaluated in context." }, { "id": "9327", "text": "Identify and resolve conflicts related to the meanings of words, concepts, practices, or behaviors.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.3, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Resolving conflicting meanings may require consulting the parties or explaining cultural context. A single generated equivalent cannot settle every ambiguity." }, { "id": "9337", "text": "Compile information on content and context of information to be translated and on intended audience.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.24, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "The translator must establish purpose, audience and background. Gathering these requirements determines whether a fluent translation is actually suitable." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.1.f", "name": "Service Orientation", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.2.c", "name": "Learning Strategies", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3, "updated": "08/2021" } ], "coreTotal": 8, "score": 25, "sensitivity": [ 19, 31 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-3091.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "service-sales-representatives", "name": "Sales representatives of services", "code": "41-3091", "category": "Service and administration", "aliases": [ "sales rep", "account executive", "B2B sales" ], "pay": 69990, "employment": 1272700, "growth": 2.7, "openings": 115700, "education": "High school diploma or equivalent", "experience": "None", "training": "Moderate-term on-the-job training", "selfEmployment": 1.2, "summary": "Prospect research, proposals and record updates can be assisted. Selling a service still requires understanding the buyer's problem, establishing trust and negotiating an offer the business can actually deliver.", "scope": "This BLS category excludes advertising, insurance, financial services and travel sales. Titles such as account executive cover different occupations, so check the service and responsibility before applying these figures.", "example": "A seller prepares a proposal for an unfamiliar client. An assistant drafts an offer from supplied service descriptions. The seller tests the assumptions with the client and checks delivery capacity with the team that would do the work.", "check": "Confirm scope, exclusions, pricing authority and implementation requirements. Remove promises that are not supported by the actual service, even if they make the proposal sound more persuasive.", "actions": [ "Document a discovery conversation and the needs it uncovered.", "Practice explaining trade-offs in scope, cost and delivery.", "Maintain a reliable account record and follow through on commitments." ], "signals": [ "Watch which prospecting and proposal tasks move into CRM workflows.", "Track the importance of domain knowledge and complex account relationships." ], "entry": "Sales pay can vary with compensation arrangements and performance. The national annual median is not a guaranteed base salary or a forecast of commission income.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "customer-service-representatives", "bridge": "Demonstrate resolution and follow-through after the sale, including difficult service exceptions.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Social Perceptiveness", "Persuasion", "Negotiation", "Service Orientation", "Time Management", "Monitoring" ] }, { "slug": "market-research-analysts", "bridge": "Turn customer observations into a structured study with explicit sampling limits.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Social Perceptiveness", "Persuasion", "Monitoring" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "23225", "text": "Consult with clients after sales or contract signings to resolve problems and provide ongoing support.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.4, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Resolving a disappointed client's underlying problem requires ownership across delivery and sales. A suggested reply cannot negotiate the actual remedy or repair the relationship." }, { "id": "23222", "text": "Answer customers' questions about services, prices, availability, or credit terms.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.37, "class": "S", "reference": "zendesk", "rationale": "A connected assistant can retrieve approved service and pricing information. The representative must verify eligibility, unusual requirements and commitments before promising an answer to a client." }, { "id": "23228", "text": "Develop sales presentations or proposals to explain service specifications.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.35, "class": "S", "reference": "slides", "rationale": "Software can assemble a proposal from supplied material. The seller must establish the buyer's problem, validate the offer and remove unsupported performance claims." }, { "id": "23227", "text": "Create forms or agreements to complete sales.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.25, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Templates can populate standard agreements. Someone must check the selected terms, exceptions and authority to commit the business before the agreement is sent." }, { "id": "23226", "text": "Contact prospective or existing customers to discuss how services can meet their needs.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.22, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Prospecting depends on establishing relevance and discovering needs through conversation. Generating an outreach message does not establish a qualified opportunity or permission to contact someone." }, { "id": "23235", "text": "Negotiate prices or terms of sales or service agreements.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.19, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Negotiation trades price against scope, risk and delivery commitments. The parties need authority and knowledge of what their organizations can actually deliver." }, { "id": "23236", "text": "Quote prices, credit terms, contract terms, or fulfillment dates for services.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.05, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "A configured price book can generate a quote. A person must confirm the service specification, authorized discounts, credit conditions and delivery capacity." }, { "id": "23233", "text": "Maintain customer records using automated systems.", "updated": "08/2026", "ratingUpdated": "08/2026", "importance": 4.02, "class": "A", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Configured CRM workflows can capture and update routine records from structured activity. Duplicate identities, incorrect consent flags and disputed account ownership still need an exception process." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.1.c", "name": "Persuasion", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.1.d", "name": "Negotiation", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.1.f", "name": "Service Orientation", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2026" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2026" } ], "coreTotal": 13, "score": 38, "sensitivity": [ 31, 44 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/41-3091.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "logisticians", "name": "Logisticians", "code": "13-1081", "category": "Management and operations", "aliases": [ "logistics analyst", "supply chain", "logistician" ], "pay": 82320, "employment": 255100, "growth": 17.6, "openings": 26600, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 1.2, "summary": "Planning models and reporting can assist logistics decisions. Physical capacity, unreliable information and customer commitments still require people to reconcile what a plan says with what can actually move.", "scope": "Procurement, inventory, distribution and lifecycle logistics emphasize different constraints. An efficient mathematical plan may be unusable if it misses handling limits or a supplier's actual performance.", "example": "A delayed inbound shipment threatens customer deliveries. Software compares allocation options. The logistician checks inventory accuracy, substitute availability and the consequences of prioritizing one customer over another.", "check": "Validate lead times, handling capacity and service obligations. Confirm the proposed action with the affected teams and record assumptions that would require the plan to change.", "actions": [ "Model an inventory or delivery problem with explicit constraints.", "Practice investigating a missed service target from source records.", "Learn the physical process behind the planning data." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether routine planning becomes more automated.", "Track demand for exception management, supplier coordination and data quality." ], "entry": "Operations research adds mathematical modeling depth. Project management shifts emphasis toward delivering a defined change, rather than continuously balancing an operating network.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "operations-research-analysts", "bridge": "Formulate a capacity problem with an objective, constraints and a validation case.", "sharedSkills": [ "Critical Thinking", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Active Learning", "Systems Analysis", "Writing" ] }, { "slug": "project-management-specialists", "bridge": "Manage a bounded logistics change with owners, dependencies and acceptance criteria.", "sharedSkills": [ "Critical Thinking", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Monitoring", "Coordination", "Complex Problem Solving", "Social Perceptiveness", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Active Learning", "Writing" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "8932", "text": "Maintain and develop positive business relationships with a customer's key personnel involved in, or directly relevant to, a logistics activity.", "updated": "07/2016", "ratingUpdated": "07/2016", "importance": 4.46, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Maintaining a customer relationship involves prioritizing real delivery needs and resolving competing expectations. Message drafting does not replace responsibility for service recovery." }, { "id": "8933", "text": "Develop an understanding of customers' needs and take actions to ensure that such needs are met.", "updated": "07/2016", "ratingUpdated": "07/2016", "importance": 4.33, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Customer requirements may conflict with capacity, cost and contractual commitments. A logistician has to clarify the trade-offs and agree which service level is achievable." }, { "id": "8950", "text": "Manage subcontractor activities, reviewing proposals, developing performance specifications, and serving as liaisons between subcontractors and organizations.", "updated": "07/2016", "ratingUpdated": "07/2016", "importance": 4.17, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Selecting and managing subcontractors involves performance evidence, commercial judgment and accountability. Software can organize bids without establishing that a supplier can deliver reliably." }, { "id": "8943", "text": "Develop proposals that include documentation for estimates.", "updated": "07/2016", "ratingUpdated": "07/2016", "importance": 4.13, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Models can assemble cost estimates from rates and volumes. The logistician must check handling assumptions, capacity limits and exceptional costs before presenting a proposal." }, { "id": "8937", "text": "Review logistics performance with customers against targets, benchmarks, and service agreements.", "updated": "07/2016", "ratingUpdated": "07/2016", "importance": 4.12, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Reports can flag missed service targets. Attribution still needs investigation of measurement gaps, changing demand and supplier explanations before contractual action is taken." }, { "id": "8934", "text": "Direct availability and allocation of materials, supplies, and finished products.", "updated": "07/2016", "ratingUpdated": "07/2016", "importance": 4.1, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Planning systems can calculate allocations under stated constraints. A person must handle shortages, unreliable inventory and urgent requests that the model did not anticipate." }, { "id": "8942", "text": "Explain proposed solutions to customers, management, or other interested parties through written proposals and oral presentations.", "updated": "07/2016", "ratingUpdated": "07/2016", "importance": 4.04, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Explaining a logistics change includes gaining agreement about disruptions and responsibilities. A generated presentation cannot obtain operational commitment from the affected teams." }, { "id": "8949", "text": "Redesign the movement of goods to maximize value and minimize costs.", "updated": "07/2016", "ratingUpdated": "07/2016", "importance": 4.04, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Software can compare routes and network configurations. The proposed redesign must be checked against physical handling, implementation cost and customer service obligations." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 4, "updated": "07/2016" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "07/2016" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "07/2016" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "07/2016" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "07/2016" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "07/2016" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "07/2016" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "07/2016" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "07/2016" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "07/2016" }, { "id": "2.B.4.g", "name": "Systems Analysis", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "07/2016" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "07/2016" } ], "coreTotal": 22, "score": 25, "sensitivity": [ 19, 31 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1081.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "compliance-officers", "name": "Compliance officers", "code": "13-1041", "category": "Legal and compliance", "aliases": [ "compliance analyst", "regulatory compliance" ], "pay": 80730, "employment": 436400, "growth": 3.8, "openings": 32700, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "Moderate-term on-the-job training", "selfEmployment": 0.7, "summary": "Evidence organization and report drafting can be assisted. Compliance work still involves establishing facts, interpreting the relevant requirements and making accountable decisions about exceptions or violations.", "scope": "The O*NET core sample emphasizes licensing and regulatory compliance. Corporate privacy, financial crime and other specialist compliance jobs may have materially different duties; this page is not a separate model of each specialty.", "example": "An application appears to meet a checklist but contains conflicting dates. A tool organizes the documents. The officer asks for clarification and determines which evidence is authoritative before reaching a decision.", "check": "Use the requirements that actually apply to the case, distinguish missing evidence from noncompliance and document the basis for the conclusion. Generated legal-sounding wording is not a substitute for the rule itself.", "actions": [ "Practice mapping a requirement to evidence and a clear decision record.", "Develop knowledge of a specific regulated activity.", "Learn to communicate an adverse finding accurately and fairly." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether document intake and routine checks become automated.", "Track demand for investigation, specialist knowledge and defensible decision records." ], "entry": "Compliance is not a single credential pathway. The relevant sector and responsibility determine the knowledge needed; a broad skill overlap does not authorize legal advice or enforcement activity.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "human-resources-specialists", "bridge": "Explore employee-policy administration with appropriate confidentiality and escalation procedures.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Speaking", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Critical Thinking", "Social Perceptiveness", "Complex Problem Solving" ] }, { "slug": "management-analysts", "bridge": "Study whether a control process works in practice and propose a measured operational improvement.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Speaking", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Critical Thinking", "Social Perceptiveness", "Monitoring", "Complex Problem Solving", "Coordination" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "21446", "text": "Warn violators of infractions or penalties.", "updated": "11/2020", "ratingUpdated": "11/2020", "importance": 4.4, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Warning a person about an infraction is an accountable enforcement interaction. A template does not establish the facts, fair process or the authority for the warning." }, { "id": "21447", "text": "Evaluate applications, records, or documents to gather information about eligibility or liability issues.", "updated": "11/2020", "ratingUpdated": "11/2020", "importance": 4.38, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Document tools can organize submitted evidence against a checklist. Eligibility or liability decisions still require verification of the applicable rules and the facts of the case." }, { "id": "21448", "text": "Advise licensees or other individuals or groups concerning licensing, permit, or passport regulations.", "updated": "11/2020", "ratingUpdated": "11/2020", "importance": 4.37, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Explaining requirements in a particular case requires accurate jurisdiction and procedural context. A plausible generated answer can misdirect an applicant if exceptions are missed." }, { "id": "21449", "text": "Prepare reports of activities, evaluations, recommendations, or decisions.", "updated": "11/2020", "ratingUpdated": "11/2020", "importance": 4.3, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Software can draft a report from verified notes. The officer remains responsible for evidentiary accuracy, the distinction between fact and inference, and the stated decision." }, { "id": "21450", "text": "Report law or regulation violations to appropriate boards or agencies.", "updated": "11/2020", "ratingUpdated": "11/2020", "importance": 4.18, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Reporting a violation requires a defensible factual basis and the correct procedure. Routing a document automatically does not justify the underlying enforcement conclusion." }, { "id": "21451", "text": "Confer with or interview officials, technical or professional specialists, or applicants to obtain information or to clarify facts relevant to licensing decisions.", "updated": "11/2020", "ratingUpdated": "11/2020", "importance": 4.06, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "An interview can reveal ambiguity, missing evidence and conflicting accounts. Follow-up questions and fair treatment depend on attentive interaction rather than transcription alone." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.1.c", "name": "Persuasion", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2024" } ], "coreTotal": 6, "score": 17, "sensitivity": [ 8, 25 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1041.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "operations-research-analysts", "name": "Operations research analysts", "code": "15-2031", "category": "Software and data", "aliases": [ "optimization", "decision scientist", "operations research" ], "pay": 88940, "employment": 113100, "growth": 11.9, "openings": 7500, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": null, "summary": "Coding, analysis preparation and reporting can be assisted. Operations research still depends on choosing the right objective, representing constraints and checking whether a model's recommendation works outside the model.", "scope": "Scheduling, routing and resource allocation involve different mathematics and data. The task index does not distinguish a classroom optimization exercise from a model embedded in a consequential operating process.", "example": "An analyst builds a staffing model to meet demand at lower cost. An assistant helps write the solver code. The analyst checks whether skills, breaks, availability and service requirements are represented correctly.", "check": "Test feasibility against known cases, inspect sensitivity to uncertain demand and explain the cost of omitted constraints. A solver's optimal result is optimal only for the problem it was given.", "actions": [ "Publish a model with assumptions, validation cases and limitations.", "Practice translating a stakeholder's request into an objective and constraints.", "Observe an actual process to identify workarounds missing from its data." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether model implementation becomes faster than problem definition.", "Track demand for deployment, domain knowledge and communicating trade-offs." ], "entry": "Data science emphasizes statistical learning and data evaluation; logistics adds direct operating and supplier responsibilities. Select a path that matches the part of the work you want to own.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "data-scientists", "bridge": "Evaluate a predictive model with an appropriate holdout and baseline.", "sharedSkills": [ "Mathematics", "Complex Problem Solving", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making" ] }, { "slug": "logisticians", "bridge": "Work through a real or simulated allocation decision including physical handling and customer commitments.", "sharedSkills": [ "Complex Problem Solving", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Writing", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Systems Analysis" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "20952", "text": "Present the results of mathematical modeling and data analysis to management or other end users.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.62, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Presenting a model means explaining uncertainty and helping decision makers judge trade-offs. Producing charts does not establish that a recommendation is operationally acceptable." }, { "id": "7382", "text": "Define data requirements, and gather and validate information, applying judgment and statistical tests.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.55, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Data tools can clean and combine records. An analyst must determine whether the measurements represent the decision problem and investigate missing or systematically biased observations." }, { "id": "7380", "text": "Perform validation and testing of models to ensure adequacy, and reformulate models, as necessary.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.52, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Code assistants can suggest tests and inspect implementation. Validation requires evidence that the model behaves credibly under real constraints, including cases absent from its development data." }, { "id": "7384", "text": "Prepare management reports defining and evaluating problems and recommending solutions.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.5, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "An assistant can structure a findings report. The analyst must state assumptions, quantify model limitations and explain why the recommended action follows from the evidence." }, { "id": "7378", "text": "Collaborate with others in the organization to ensure successful implementation of chosen problem solutions.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.43, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Implementation requires collaboration with the people who control the process. A technically feasible solution can fail if incentives, capacity or decision authority are misunderstood." }, { "id": "7377", "text": "Formulate mathematical or simulation models of problems, relating constants and variables, restrictions, alternatives, conflicting objectives, and their numerical parameters.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.38, "class": "S", "reference": "github", "rationale": "Software can help express equations and simulation code. The analyst must choose an appropriate objective, encode constraints correctly and assess omitted mechanisms." }, { "id": "7387", "text": "Observe the current system in operation, and gather and analyze information about each of the component problems, using a variety of sources.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.38, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Observation reveals workarounds and physical constraints that system logs may miss. The analyst needs to test the written process against what people actually do." }, { "id": "7379", "text": "Analyze information obtained from management to conceptualize and define operational problems.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.33, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Defining an operational problem involves selecting whose objectives matter and what can be changed. A model cannot independently settle these organizational choices." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.e", "name": "Mathematics", "importance": 4.5, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.4.g", "name": "Systems Analysis", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.4.h", "name": "Systems Evaluation", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.3.a", "name": "Operations Analysis", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2024" } ], "coreTotal": 17, "score": 25, "sensitivity": [ 19, 31 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-2031.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "registered-nurses", "name": "Registered nurses", "code": "29-1141", "category": "Healthcare and education", "aliases": [ "RN", "registered nurse", "nurse" ], "pay": 97550, "employment": 3465400, "growth": 5.6, "openings": 180800, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 0.5, "summary": "Documentation can be assisted, but the selected nursing tasks are dominated by patient observation, care and coordination. This low text-and-software exposure reading is not a prediction about staffing, workloads or the future organization of healthcare.", "scope": "Nursing specialties, care settings and levels of responsibility differ greatly. The task sample is occupational information and provides no instructions for treating a patient or making a clinical decision.", "example": "An approved documentation tool drafts a note from a care interaction. The nurse checks whether it accurately records observations, actions and unresolved concerns before accepting it into the record.", "check": "Verify patient identity, attribution and omissions through the workplace's clinical documentation process. A note that sounds complete may fail to capture a change the nurse observed directly.", "actions": [ "Develop clear clinical handoff and documentation habits within your role.", "Learn to check approved documentation tools and report their errors.", "Explore a specialty through supervised experience and its actual entry requirements." ], "signals": [ "Watch how documentation systems change time spent charting and reviewing.", "Track changes in care coordination and the responsibilities assigned to the nursing team." ], "entry": "BLS lists a typical education category, not every route into nursing. Check the relevant state nursing board and education program before making a training decision; related communication skills do not replace professional requirements.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "training-and-development-specialists", "bridge": "Explore supervised workplace education and demonstrate lesson design and assessment.", "sharedSkills": [ "Social Perceptiveness", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Coordination", "Reading Comprehension", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Writing", "Monitoring", "Active Learning" ] }, { "slug": "project-management-specialists", "bridge": "Contribute to a healthcare improvement project with explicit scope and measures, adding delivery skills to clinical context.", "sharedSkills": [ "Social Perceptiveness", "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Coordination", "Reading Comprehension", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Writing", "Monitoring", "Active Learning", "Complex Problem Solving" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "1841", "text": "Record patients' medical information and vital signs.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.74, "class": "S", "reference": "dragon", "rationale": "Documentation tools can draft nursing notes from supplied clinical information. The nurse must confirm that recorded observations and patient identity are accurate before accepting the entry." }, { "id": "20413", "text": "Administer medications to patients and monitor patients for reactions or side effects.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.7, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Medication administration and monitoring involve direct clinical responsibility and patient-specific observations. This task is broader than preparing a documentation draft or issuing a reminder." }, { "id": "1839", "text": "Maintain accurate, detailed reports and records.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.69, "class": "S", "reference": "dragon", "rationale": "Note assistance can reduce documentation effort. The nurse remains responsible for a complete, accurate record and for resolving omissions or incorrect attribution in generated text." }, { "id": "1840", "text": "Monitor, record, and report symptoms or changes in patients' conditions.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.61, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Recognizing and reporting changes requires observation in the patient's clinical context. A generated summary is not a substitute for assessment and appropriate escalation." }, { "id": "1855", "text": "Provide health care, first aid, immunizations, or assistance in convalescence or rehabilitation in locations such as schools, hospitals, or industry.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.56, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Delivering care includes physical intervention and adapting to the patient's condition. This broad task cannot be treated as an automatable text output." }, { "id": "1843", "text": "Consult and coordinate with healthcare team members to assess, plan, implement, or evaluate patient care plans.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.48, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Coordinating care involves accountable communication and reconciling different assessments. Summaries may help preparation but do not assign or discharge professional responsibility." }, { "id": "1846", "text": "Direct or supervise less-skilled nursing or healthcare personnel or supervise a particular unit.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.46, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Supervision involves judging staff readiness, workload and the needs of patients. Scheduling assistance cannot establish that care is safe or resolve every real-time staffing issue." }, { "id": "1845", "text": "Monitor all aspects of patient care, including diet and physical activity.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.44, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Monitoring patient care, diet and activity depends on direct observation and clinical context. Recording a plan automatically does not verify that it is appropriate or being followed." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.1.f", "name": "Service Orientation", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2021" } ], "coreTotal": 15, "score": 13, "sensitivity": [ 6, 19 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1141.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "elementary-school-teachers", "name": "Elementary school teachers, except special education", "code": "25-2021", "category": "Healthcare and education", "aliases": [ "elementary teacher", "primary school teacher" ], "pay": 63970, "employment": 1419300, "growth": -0.4, "openings": 87500, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 0.3, "summary": "Lesson and material preparation can be assisted, while teaching children depends heavily on live interaction, observation and adaptation. A low task index does not establish stable school budgets, class sizes or hiring in a particular district.", "scope": "The source occupation excludes special education teachers. Grade, curriculum and classroom needs change the work; the national task sample cannot represent every school setting.", "example": "An assistant suggests several explanations for a mathematics topic. The teacher checks correctness and curriculum fit, then uses student responses to decide which explanation or activity is appropriate for the class.", "check": "Review age suitability and accessibility, protect student information and observe whether pupils can apply the idea. Generated materials are preparation support, not evidence of learning.", "actions": [ "Document how assessment changed your next lesson.", "Practice adapting materials for a specific learning need.", "Develop a portfolio showing classroom judgment alongside prepared resources." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether planning tools reduce preparation time or add review work.", "Track district demand, certification requirements and the responsibilities of the particular role." ], "entry": "Check the relevant state's educator requirements and the district's role description. Workplace training is a different occupation with different audiences and objectives, even when instructional skills overlap.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "training-and-development-specialists", "bridge": "Design a lesson around an adult workplace task and assess transfer to performance.", "sharedSkills": [ "Learning Strategies", "Instructing", "Speaking", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Coordination", "Active Learning" ] }, { "slug": "technical-writers", "bridge": "Write a tested self-service procedure with a clear audience and verification record.", "sharedSkills": [ "Speaking", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Monitoring", "Social Perceptiveness", "Reading Comprehension", "Writing", "Coordination", "Active Learning" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "6540", "text": "Instruct students individually and in groups, using teaching methods such as lectures, discussions, and demonstrations.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.95, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Teaching requires noticing understanding and adapting in real time to individuals. A generated explanation or exercise does not establish that a child has learned the material." }, { "id": "6535", "text": "Establish and enforce rules for behavior and procedures for maintaining order among the students.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.79, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Maintaining a learning environment involves relationships, fair expectations and immediate responses to behavior. Draft classroom rules do not perform this classroom responsibility." }, { "id": "6549", "text": "Guide and counsel students with adjustment or academic problems or with special academic interests.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.75, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Guidance depends on knowing the child and recognizing when additional support is needed. A generic response cannot replace attentive, responsible interaction with pupils and families." }, { "id": "6538", "text": "Adapt teaching methods and instructional materials to meet students' varying needs and interests.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.67, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "An assistant can propose alternative explanations and reading levels. The teacher must check accuracy, accessibility, curriculum fit and whether the adaptation meets the student's actual needs." }, { "id": "6539", "text": "Plan and conduct activities for a balanced program of instruction, demonstration, and work time that provides students with opportunities to observe, question, and investigate.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.63, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Software can draft activity sequences and materials. The teacher must plan a workable balance for the class, available resources and individual learning requirements." }, { "id": "6537", "text": "Prepare materials and classrooms for class activities.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.6, "class": "S", "reference": "word", "rationale": "Document tools can accelerate worksheet preparation. Physical classroom setup, accessibility checks and reviewing material for age suitability remain part of the task." }, { "id": "6536", "text": "Observe and evaluate students' performance, behavior, social development, and physical health.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.52, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Evaluating development and performance includes observations beyond scored answers. The teacher must interpret context, avoid unfair conclusions and act on concerns appropriately." }, { "id": "6543", "text": "Read books to entire classes or small groups.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.52, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Reading to a group includes pacing, expression, discussion and attention to the children. Producing audio does not cover the whole interactive classroom activity." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.2.c", "name": "Learning Strategies", "importance": 4.25, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.1.e", "name": "Instructing", "importance": 4.25, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.1.f", "name": "Service Orientation", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2024" } ], "coreTotal": 36, "score": 19, "sensitivity": [ 13, 25 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/25-2021.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "electricians", "name": "Electricians", "code": "47-2111", "category": "Engineering and trades", "aliases": [ "electrician", "electrical installer" ], "pay": 63190, "employment": 821000, "growth": 9.2, "openings": 72700, "education": "High school diploma or equivalent", "experience": "None", "training": "Apprenticeship", "selfEmployment": 7.1, "summary": "Planning and documentation can benefit from software, but the selected tasks are mostly physical installation, testing and maintenance. Limited exposure to text automation does not remove economic cycles, physical demands or training requirements.", "scope": "Construction, maintenance and different electrical specialties have distinct working conditions. This profile evaluates occupational tasks and does not provide electrical installation or safety instructions.", "example": "An electrician uses a digital plan to prepare a job. Site conditions reveal an obstacle that the drawing did not capture. The work requires checking the situation and resolving the discrepancy through the appropriate project process.", "check": "Treat a generated drawing or instruction as unverified until checked by a qualified person against the actual site and applicable requirements. The task index cannot establish that any proposed installation is safe.", "actions": [ "Keep a record of supervised experience and the systems encountered.", "Develop accurate estimating, documentation and communication habits.", "Explore the entry requirements and physical conditions of the specialty you want." ], "signals": [ "Watch how estimating and planning tools affect office time.", "Track local construction and maintenance demand separately from AI capability claims." ], "entry": "BLS identifies apprenticeship as typical on-the-job training. Actual licensing and qualification requirements depend on location and work; verify them with the relevant authority before committing to a pathway.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "project-management-specialists", "bridge": "Gain experience coordinating a bounded project with schedule, cost and handoff responsibilities.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Reading Comprehension", "Monitoring", "Coordination" ] }, { "slug": "mechanical-engineers", "bridge": "Compare the formal education and technical requirements before considering this much larger retraining step.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Active Learning", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Reading Comprehension" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "2882", "text": "Prepare sketches or follow blueprints to determine the location of wiring or equipment and to ensure conformance to building and safety codes.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.63, "class": "S", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Drafting software can help prepare an installation layout. The electrician must verify site conditions, the applicable requirements and the feasibility of the proposed work." }, { "id": "2888", "text": "Place conduit, pipes, or tubing, inside designated partitions, walls, or other concealed areas, and pull insulated wires or cables through the conduit to complete circuits between boxes.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.62, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Installing conduit and pulling wire are physical tasks in variable sites. A digital plan does not perform the installation or verify the conditions encountered on location." }, { "id": "2887", "text": "Work from ladders, scaffolds, or roofs to install, maintain, or repair electrical wiring, equipment, or fixtures.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.55, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Work on ladders and scaffolding involves physical access and changing site conditions. This classification concerns task exposure and is not guidance for performing electrical work." }, { "id": "2883", "text": "Use a variety of tools or equipment, such as power construction equipment, measuring devices, power tools, and testing equipment, such as oscilloscopes, ammeters, or test lamps.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.52, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Using hand tools and test equipment requires direct interaction with the installation. Software can record readings without establishing that the correct test was performed safely." }, { "id": "2873", "text": "Assemble, install, test, or maintain electrical or electronic wiring, equipment, appliances, apparatus, or fixtures, using hand tools or power tools.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.45, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Assembly, installation, testing and maintenance combine skilled physical work with judgment. Generating instructions covers only a narrow supporting part of this broad task." }, { "id": "2875", "text": "Connect wires to circuit breakers, transformers, or other components.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.31, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Connecting electrical components requires physical execution and verification. A low text-automation reading does not reduce the task's training or safety requirements." }, { "id": "2879", "text": "Maintain current electrician's license or identification card to meet governmental regulations.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.31, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Maintaining required professional authorization is an individual responsibility. Reminders can assist administration but cannot acquire or satisfy the underlying qualification on the worker's behalf." }, { "id": "2880", "text": "Plan layout and installation of electrical wiring, equipment, or fixtures, based on job specifications and local codes.", "updated": "08/2022", "ratingUpdated": "08/2022", "importance": 4.21, "class": "S", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Planning tools can support layout calculations and drawings. The electrician must reconcile them with actual site conditions and the requirements that apply to the project." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.B.3.k", "name": "Troubleshooting", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.3.l", "name": "Repairing", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.3.d", "name": "Installation", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.3.m", "name": "Quality Control Analysis", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.A.2.d", "name": "Monitoring", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2022" }, { "id": "2.B.1.b", "name": "Coordination", "importance": 3.12, "updated": "08/2022" } ], "coreTotal": 20, "score": 13, "sensitivity": [ 6, 19 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-2111.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "civil-engineers", "name": "Civil engineers", "code": "17-2051", "category": "Engineering and trades", "aliases": [ "civil engineer", "infrastructure engineer" ], "pay": 100840, "employment": 380600, "growth": 6.4, "openings": 22700, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 1.9, "summary": "Calculations, drawings and document analysis can be assisted by software. Civil engineering also requires accountable design judgment, knowledge of site conditions and coordination of work with physical consequences.", "scope": "Transportation, water, structures and other specialties use different models and standards. The profile is an occupation comparison, not design advice or a statement of qualifications for a particular engineering service.", "example": "Software supports a drainage design comparison. The engineer checks the survey, assumptions and site constraints, then assesses whether the modeled alternatives represent the conditions the project must handle.", "check": "Verify source data, units, boundary conditions and interfaces with other work. A calculation can be internally correct while describing the wrong physical problem.", "actions": [ "Document design assumptions and the independent checks applied to them.", "Build experience connecting drawings and calculations to site observations.", "Practice explaining a technical trade-off to nontechnical project participants." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether drafting effort shifts toward model coordination and verification.", "Track requirements for field experience, project responsibility and specialist knowledge." ], "entry": "Professional authority and licensure depend on the service and jurisdiction. BLS education data describes a typical entry category, not permission to approve a design.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "project-management-specialists", "bridge": "Lead a scoped engineering delivery with dependencies, acceptance criteria and stakeholder decisions.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Reading Comprehension", "Speaking", "Critical Thinking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Time Management", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Writing" ] }, { "slug": "mechanical-engineers", "bridge": "Compare the technical curriculum and system knowledge needed rather than assuming engineering titles are interchangeable.", "sharedSkills": [ "Active Listening", "Reading Comprehension", "Speaking", "Mathematics", "Critical Thinking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Science", "Systems Analysis", "Operations Analysis", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Writing" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "19610", "text": "Direct engineering activities, ensuring compliance with environmental, safety, or other governmental regulations.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4.25, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Directing work for regulatory compliance involves accountable engineering judgment and coordination. Automated checks can flag issues without establishing overall compliance for the project." }, { "id": "148", "text": "Inspect project sites to monitor progress and ensure conformance to design specifications and safety or sanitation standards.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Site inspection requires observing actual work and evaluating discrepancies. A report drafted from supplied notes cannot independently verify construction quality or progress." }, { "id": "20490", "text": "Manage and direct the construction, operations, or maintenance activities at project site.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 4, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Managing construction requires resolving physical, contractual and sequencing problems with the people doing the work. Scheduling assistance does not provide site leadership." }, { "id": "147", "text": "Compute load and grade requirements, water flow rates, or material stress factors to determine design specifications.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 3.93, "class": "S", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Engineering software can calculate loads, grades and flows from inputs. The engineer must justify assumptions, check units and assess whether the model represents the real structure or system." }, { "id": "20491", "text": "Plan and design transportation or hydraulic systems or structures, using computer-assisted design or drawing tools.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 3.88, "class": "S", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "CAD supports drawing and revision of plans. Engineering responsibility includes checking design intent, interfaces and project constraints rather than accepting a generated geometry unexamined." }, { "id": "20489", "text": "Provide technical advice to industrial or managerial personnel regarding design, construction, program modifications, or structural repairs.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 3.72, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Advice about changes and repairs requires knowledge of the existing asset and the consequences of action. A generic recommendation cannot establish suitability for a particular site." }, { "id": "20492", "text": "Analyze survey reports, maps, drawings, blueprints, aerial photography, or other topographical or geologic data.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 3.68, "class": "S", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Data tools can organize survey and geological information. An engineer must assess reliability, missing site evidence and the implications for the design." }, { "id": "150", "text": "Direct or participate in surveying to lay out installations or establish reference points, grades, or elevations to guide construction.", "updated": "08/2021", "ratingUpdated": "08/2021", "importance": 3.67, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Establishing physical layout reference points involves site measurement and verification. Software processing of measurements does not remove responsibility for their location or accuracy." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.1.e", "name": "Mathematics", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.1.f", "name": "Science", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.4.g", "name": "Systems Analysis", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.3.a", "name": "Operations Analysis", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2021" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.25, "updated": "08/2021" } ], "coreTotal": 11, "score": 19, "sensitivity": [ 13, 25 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-2051.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "mechanical-engineers", "name": "Mechanical engineers", "code": "17-2141", "category": "Engineering and trades", "aliases": [ "mechanical engineer", "mechanical design" ], "pay": 104110, "employment": 298500, "growth": 11.2, "openings": 17800, "education": "Bachelor's degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 0.5, "summary": "Modeling and generative design can assist exploration, but an acceptable design must also be manufacturable, maintainable and supported by evidence. Physical testing and failure investigation remain central checks on digital output.", "scope": "Product design, manufacturing equipment and building systems involve different constraints. A tool optimized for one design problem does not cover the whole occupation or validate a finished system.", "example": "Generative design produces alternatives for a component under supplied loads. The engineer examines whether the constraints, material assumptions and manufacturing process reflect the real application before choosing a candidate.", "check": "Check interfaces, service access and operating conditions beyond the modeled case. Plan appropriate verification and testing instead of treating an attractive geometry as a validated engineering solution.", "actions": [ "Show a design case with requirements, analysis and verification evidence.", "Practice investigating a failure with competing causal explanations.", "Develop manufacturing and maintenance knowledge alongside modeling skills." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether design iteration accelerates while validation remains the bottleneck.", "Track demand for system integration and practical manufacturing experience." ], "entry": "Civil engineering is a distinct technical field. Project management may use engineering context more directly, but it adds responsibility for coordination, cost and delivery decisions.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "project-management-specialists", "bridge": "Manage a bounded equipment or product project with explicit review and acceptance criteria.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Active Learning", "Writing", "Speaking" ] }, { "slug": "civil-engineers", "bridge": "Assess the education, domain and professional requirements of the intended specialty before planning a transition.", "sharedSkills": [ "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Mathematics", "Science", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Operations Analysis", "Writing", "Speaking", "Systems Analysis" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "1411", "text": "Read and interpret blueprints, technical drawings, schematics, or computer-generated reports.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.3, "class": "S", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Document tools can summarize specifications and highlight apparent conflicts. An engineer must verify dimensions, interfaces and assumptions against authoritative drawings and project requirements." }, { "id": "20733", "text": "Research, design, evaluate, install, operate, or maintain mechanical products, equipment, systems or processes to meet requirements.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.18, "class": "S", "reference": "fusion", "rationale": "Design software can explore alternatives under explicit criteria. The engineer must define valid constraints and verify the resulting design through analysis and appropriate testing." }, { "id": "20736", "text": "Specify system components or direct modification of products to ensure conformance with engineering design, performance specifications, or environmental regulations.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.15, "class": "S", "reference": "fusion", "rationale": "Software can support component alternatives and constraint checks. The engineer must assess interfaces, manufacturing feasibility and compliance with the actual system requirements." }, { "id": "1412", "text": "Confer with engineers or other personnel to implement operating procedures, resolve system malfunctions, or provide technical information.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 3.97, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Resolving an engineering problem with colleagues requires reconciling evidence and competing constraints. A generated suggestion does not create agreement or establish responsibility for a change." }, { "id": "20734", "text": "Investigate equipment failures or difficulties to diagnose faulty operation and recommend remedial actions.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 3.76, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Failure investigation depends on physical evidence and credible causal reasoning. Pattern suggestions help only after the investigator verifies measurements and tests alternative explanations." }, { "id": "1421", "text": "Recommend design modifications to eliminate machine or system malfunctions.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 3.75, "class": "S", "reference": "fusion", "rationale": "Optimization tools can suggest design changes. Recommendations still require checks for manufacturability, serviceability and behavior outside the simulated operating conditions." }, { "id": "1413", "text": "Research and analyze customer design proposals, specifications, manuals, or other data to evaluate the feasibility, cost, or maintenance requirements of designs or applications.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 3.61, "class": "S", "reference": "excel", "rationale": "Models can compare costs and feasibility assumptions. An engineer must assess uncertainty, maintenance demands and technical risks omitted from a simple spreadsheet." }, { "id": "1419", "text": "Oversee installation, operation, maintenance, or repair to ensure that machines or equipment are installed and functioning according to specifications.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 3.47, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Overseeing installation and repair requires verifying actual equipment condition and the work performed. A digital instruction or checklist cannot independently establish successful execution." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 3.88, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.e", "name": "Mathematics", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.f", "name": "Science", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.3.a", "name": "Operations Analysis", "importance": 3.5, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.4.g", "name": "Systems Analysis", "importance": 3.38, "updated": "08/2024" } ], "coreTotal": 16, "score": 31, "sensitivity": [ 25, 38 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-2141.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" }, { "slug": "lawyers", "name": "Lawyers", "code": "23-1011", "category": "Legal and compliance", "aliases": [ "lawyer", "attorney", "counsel" ], "pay": 159670, "employment": 863700, "growth": 4.7, "openings": 28700, "education": "Doctoral or professional degree", "experience": "None", "training": "None", "selfEmployment": 11.3, "summary": "Research organization and document drafting can be assisted. Legal work also requires fact development, professional judgment, client communication and responsibility for the advice or representation provided.", "scope": "Transactional practice, litigation and other specialties have different task mixes. The broad occupation sample is not a prediction of demand in a particular practice area and does not provide advice about an individual legal matter.", "example": "An approved assistant produces a draft research memo. The lawyer checks each authority, its jurisdiction and its relevance to the actual facts, then determines which conclusions remain uncertain.", "check": "Read the original authorities, verify quoted propositions and check the current procedural context. An apparently persuasive memo can rely on nonexistent, outdated or inapplicable material.", "actions": [ "Develop a repeatable source-verification process for assisted research.", "Build skill in client interviewing and explaining uncertainty.", "Document how factual investigation changed a proposed legal strategy." ], "signals": [ "Watch whether routine drafting changes staffing or billing expectations.", "Track demand for specialist knowledge, client relationships and accountable matter strategy." ], "entry": "The occupation has substantial professional entry requirements. A lower task index is not a reason to assume law is an easy or inexpensive pivot from another document-based job.", "pivots": [ { "slug": "compliance-officers", "bridge": "Explore a specific compliance function and the operational evidence required to support decisions.", "sharedSkills": [ "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Writing", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Persuasion", "Social Perceptiveness", "Time Management" ] }, { "slug": "management-analysts", "bridge": "Develop a process-improvement case that goes beyond interpreting legal requirements to implementation and measurement.", "sharedSkills": [ "Speaking", "Reading Comprehension", "Active Listening", "Critical Thinking", "Writing", "Complex Problem Solving", "Judgment and Decision Making", "Social Perceptiveness" ] } ], "tasks": [ { "id": "3774", "text": "Interpret laws, rulings and regulations for individuals and businesses.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.54, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Applying law to a client's facts requires accountable legal interpretation. Retrieval and summarization can support research without establishing that a conclusion is correct for the matter." }, { "id": "3775", "text": "Analyze the probable outcomes of cases, using knowledge of legal precedents.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.41, "class": "S", "reference": "legal", "rationale": "Research tools can organize authorities and arguments. The lawyer must assess jurisdiction, procedural posture, missing facts and uncertainty before advising on possible outcomes." }, { "id": "3778", "text": "Gather evidence to formulate defense or to initiate legal actions by such means as interviewing clients and witnesses to ascertain the facts of a case.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.4, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Gathering evidence includes interviewing people and testing conflicting accounts. A transcript summary does not establish credibility, completeness or admissibility." }, { "id": "3779", "text": "Represent clients in court or before government agencies.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.34, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Representation involves advocacy, procedural obligations and decisions during proceedings. Drafting support does not appear for the client or carry the lawyer's professional responsibilities." }, { "id": "3777", "text": "Evaluate findings and develop strategies and arguments in preparation for presentation of cases.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.31, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Choosing a legal strategy involves client objectives, facts, costs and professional judgment. An assistant can outline options without determining the appropriate course for the client." }, { "id": "3773", "text": "Advise clients concerning business transactions, claim liability, advisability of prosecuting or defending lawsuits, or legal rights and obligations.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.27, "class": "H", "reference": "onet", "rationale": "Advising a client requires understanding their circumstances and explaining consequences. The task extends beyond generating a general statement of legal rules." }, { "id": "3780", "text": "Examine legal data to determine advisability of defending or prosecuting lawsuit.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.21, "class": "S", "reference": "legal", "rationale": "Software can assist document review and locate relevant material. A lawyer must verify sources and assess the practical and legal grounds for bringing or defending a case." }, { "id": "20877", "text": "Prepare, draft, and review legal documents, such as wills, deeds, patent applications, mortgages, leases, and contracts.", "updated": "08/2024", "ratingUpdated": "08/2024", "importance": 4.18, "class": "S", "reference": "legal", "rationale": "An assistant can produce or revise an initial document. The lawyer must verify the facts, provisions, jurisdiction and client instructions before relying on the text." } ], "skills": [ { "id": "2.A.1.d", "name": "Speaking", "importance": 4.62, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.a", "name": "Reading Comprehension", "importance": 4.5, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.b", "name": "Active Listening", "importance": 4.5, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.a", "name": "Critical Thinking", "importance": 4.5, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.1.c", "name": "Writing", "importance": 4.25, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.2.i", "name": "Complex Problem Solving", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.4.e", "name": "Judgment and Decision Making", "importance": 4.12, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.1.c", "name": "Persuasion", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.1.d", "name": "Negotiation", "importance": 4, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.A.2.b", "name": "Active Learning", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.1.a", "name": "Social Perceptiveness", "importance": 3.75, "updated": "08/2024" }, { "id": "2.B.5.a", "name": "Time Management", "importance": 3.62, "updated": "08/2024" } ], "coreTotal": 15, "score": 19, "sensitivity": [ 13, 25 ], "onetUrl": "https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/23-1011.00", "blsUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm", "reviewed": "2026-09-29" } ] }